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Overview
Few people can write on the English language with the authority of Bryan A. Garner. The author of The Chicago Manual of Style’s popular “Grammar and Usage” chapter, Garner explains the vagaries of English with absolute precision and utmost clarity. With The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, he has written the definitive guide for writers who want their prose to be both memorable and correct. Throughout the book Garner describes standard literary Englishthe forms that mark writers and speakers as educated users of the language. He also offers historical context for understanding the development of these forms. The section on grammar explains how the canonical parts of speech came to be identified, while the section on syntax covers the nuances of sentence patterns as well as both traditional sentence diagramming and transformational grammar. The usage section provides an unprecedented trove of empirical evidence in the form of Google Ngrams, diagrams that illustrate the changing prevalence of specific terms over decades and even centuries of English literature. Garner also treats punctuation and word formation, and concludes the book with an exhaustive glossary of grammatical terms and a bibliography of suggested further reading and references.The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation is a magisterial work, the culmination of Garner’s lifelong study of the English language. The result is a landmark resource that will offer clear guidelines to students, writers, and editors alike.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780226188850 |
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Publisher: | University of Chicago Press |
Publication date: | 05/16/2016 |
Series: | Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing |
Pages: | 552 |
Sales rank: | 413,204 |
Product dimensions: | 6.70(w) x 9.40(h) x 1.80(d) |
About the Author
Bryan A. Garner is president of LawProse, Inc. and Distinguished Research Professor of Law at Southern Methodist University. He is the author of the "Grammar and Usage" chapter of The Chicago Manual of Style and editor in chief of Black’s Law Dictionary. His many books on language and law include Garner’s Modern English Usage and Legal Writing in Plain English, the latter from the University of Chicago Press.
Table of Contents
Introduction1 The field of grammar 2 Who killed grammar? 3 Why study grammar? 4 Overview of the book I. The Traditional Parts of Speech
5 How did we arrive at the canonical eight?Nouns
Traditional Classifications 6 Nouns generally 7 Common nouns 8 Proper nouns 9 Count nouns 10 Collective nouns 11 Expressions of multitude 12 Expressions of partition 13 Mass nouns Properties of Nouns 14 Generally 15 Case 16 Number 17 Gender 18 Person Plurals 19 Generally 20 Adding “‑s” or “‑es” 21 Plurals of proper nouns 22 Nouns ending in “‑f” or “‑fe” 23 Nouns ending in “‑o” 24 Nouns ending in “‑y” 25 Nouns ending in “‑ics” 26 Compound nouns 27 Irregular plurals 28 Borrowed plurals 29 Plural form with singular sense 30 Plural-form proper nouns 31 Tricky anomalies Case 32 Function 33 Common case, nominative function 34 Common case, objective function 35 Genitive case 36 The “of”-genitive 37 Genitives of titles and names 38 Joint and separate genitivesAgent and Recipient Nouns 39 Definitions; use 40 Appositives: definition and useConversions 41 Nouns as adjectives 42 Nouns as verbs 43 Adverbial functions 44 Other conversions Pronouns
Definition and Uses 45 “Pronoun” defined 46 Antecedents of pronouns 47 Clarity of antecedent 48 Pronouns without antecedents 49 Sentence meaningProperties of Pronouns 50 Four properties 51 Number and antecedent 52 Exceptions regarding number of the antecedent 53 Pronoun with multiple antecedents 54 Some traditional singular pronouns 55 Gender 56 Case 57 Pronouns in apposition 58 Nominative case misused for objectiveClasses of Pronouns 59 Seven classes Personal Pronouns 60 Form 61 Identification 62 Changes in form 63 Agreement generally 64 Expressing gender 65 Determining gender 66 Special rules 67 Case after linking verb 68 Case after “than” or “as-as” 69 Special uses 70 The singular “they” Possessive Pronouns 71 Uses and forms 72 Possessive pronouns vs contractions Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 73 Compound personal pronouns: “‑self” forms 74 Basic uses of reflexive and intensive pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns 75 Definition Reciprocal Pronouns 76 Generally 77 Simple and phrasal pronounsInterrogative Pronouns 78 Definition 79 Referent of interrogative pronounsRelative Pronouns 80 Definition 81 Gender, number, and case with relative pronouns 82 Positional nuances 83 Antecedent 84 Remote relative clauses 85 Omitted antecedent 86 Relative pronoun and the antecedent “one” 87 Function of relative pronoun in clause 88 Genitive forms 89 “Whose” and “of which” 90 Compound relative pronouns 91 “Who” vs“whom”Indefinite Pronouns 92 Generally 93 The indefinite pronoun “one”Adjectives
Types of Adjectives 94 Definition 95 Qualitative adjectives 96 Quantitative adjectives 97 Demonstrative adjectives 98 Possessive adjectives 99 Interrogative adjectives 100 Distributive adjectives 101 Indefinite adjectives 102 Pronominal adjectives 103 Proper adjectives 104 Compound adjectives 105 Relative adjectives Articles as Limiting Adjectives 106 Definition 107 Definite article 108 Definite articles and proper names 109 Indefinite article 110 Indefinite article in specific reference 111 Choosing “a” or “an” 112 Articles with coordinate nouns 113 Effect on meaning 114 Omitted article and zero article 115 Article as pronoun substituteDates as Adjectives 116 Use and punctuationPosition of Adjectives 117 Basic rules 118 After possessives 119 Adjective modifying pronoun 120 Predicate adjective 121 Dangling participles 122 Distinguishing an adjective from an adverb or participleDegrees of Adjectives 123 Generally 124 Comparative forms 125 Superlative forms 126 Forming comparatives and superlatives 127 Equal and unequal comparisons 128 Noncomparable adjectivesSpecial Types of Adjectives 129 Participial adjectives 130 Coordinate adjectives 131 Phrasal adjectives 132 Exceptions for hyphenating phrasal adjectivesFunctional Variation 133 Adjectives as nouns 134 Adjectives as verbs 135 Other parts of speech functioning as adjectives 136 The weakening effect of injudicious adjectivesVerbs
Definitions 137 Verbs generally 138 Transitive and intransitive verbs 139 Ergative verbs 140 Dynamic and stative verbs 141 Regular and irregular verbs 142 Linking verbs 143 Phrasal verbs 144 Principal and auxiliary verbs 145 Verb phrases 146 ContractionsInfinitives 147 Definition 148 Split infinitive 149 Uses of infinitive 150 Dangling infinitive Participles and Gerunds 151 Participles generally 152 Forming present participles 153 Forming past participles 154 Participial phrases 155 Gerunds 156 Gerund phrases 157 Distinguishing between participles and gerunds 158 Fused participles 159 Dangling participles 160 Dangling gerundsProperties of Verbs 161 Five properties VOICE 162 Active and passive voice 163 Progressive conjugation and voice MOOD 164 Generally 165 Indicative mood 166 Imperative mood 167 Subjunctive mood 168 Subjunctive vsindicative mood 169 Present subjunctive 170 Past subjunctive 171 Past-perfect subjunctive TENSE 172 Generally 173 Present tense 174 Past indicative 175 Future tense 176 Present-perfect tense 177 Past-perfect tense 178 Future-perfect tense 179 Progressive tenses 180 Backshifting in reported speech TENSES ILLUSTRATED 181 Conjugation of the regular verb “to call” 182 Conjugation of the irregular verb “to hide” 183 Conjugation of the verb “to be” PERSON 184 Generally NUMBER 185 Generally 186 Agreement in person and number 187 Disjunctive compound subjects 188 Conjunctive compound subjects 189 Some other nuances of number involving conjunctions 190 Peculiar nouns that are plural in form but singular in sense 191 Agreement of indefinite pronouns 192 Relative pronouns as subjects 193 “There is”; “Here is” 194 False attraction to intervening matter 195 False attraction to predicate noun 196 Misleading connectives: “as well as,” “along with,” “together with,” etc 197 Agreement in first and second personAuxiliary Verbs 198 Generally 199 Modal auxiliaries 200 “Can” and “could” 201 “May” and “might” 202 “Must” 203 “Ought” 204 “Shall” 205 “Should” 206 “Will” and “would” 207 “Dare” and “need” 208 “Do” 209 “Have”Adverbs
Definition and Formation 210 Generally 211 Sentence adverbs 212 Adverbial suffixes 213 Adverbs without suffixes 214 Distinguished from adjectivesSimple vs Compound Adverbs 215 Standard and flat adverbs 216 Phrasal and compound adverbsTypes of Adverbs 217 Adverbs of manner 218 Adverbs of time 219 Adverbs of place 220 Adverbs of degree 221 Adverbs of reason 222 Adverbs of consequence 223 Adverbs of number 224 Interrogative adverbs 225 Exclamatory adverbs 226 Affirmative and negative adverbs 227 Relative adverbs 228 Conjunctive adverbsAdverbial Degrees 229 Generally 230 Comparative forms 231 Superlative forms 232 Irregular adverbs 233 Noncomparable adverbsPosition of Adverbs 234 Placement as affecting meaning 235 Modifying words other than verbs 236 Modifying intransitive verbs 237 Adverbs and linking verbs 238 Adverb within verb phrase 239 Importance of placement 240 Adverbial objective 241 Adverbial clause 242 “Only”Prepositions
Definition and Types 243 Generally 244 Simple, compound 245 Phrasal prepositions 246 Participial prepositionsPrepositional Phrases 247 Generally 248 Prepositional function 249 Placement 250 Refinements on placement 251 Preposition-stranding 252 Clashing prepositions 253 Elliptical phrases 254 Case of pronounsOther Prepositional Issues 255 Functional variation 256 Use and misuse of “like”Limiting Prepositional Phrases 257 Avoiding overuse 258 Cutting prepositional phrases 259 Cutting unnecessary prepositions 260 Replacing with adverbs 261 Replacing with genitives 262 Using active voiceConjunctions
263 Definition and types 264 Types of conjunctions: simple and compound 265 Coordinating conjunctions 266 Correlative conjunctions 267 Copulative conjunctions 268 Adversative conjunctions 269 Disjunctive conjunctions 270 Final conjunctions 271 Subordinating conjunctions 272 Special uses of subordinating conjunctions 273 Adverbial conjunctions 274 Expletive conjunctions 275 Disguised conjunctions 276 “With” used loosely as a conjunction 277 Beginning a sentence with a conjunction 278 Beginning a sentence with “however” 279 Conjunctions and the number of a verbInterjections
280 Definition 281 Usage generally 282 Functional variation 283 Words that are exclusively interjections 284 Punctuating interjections 285 “O” and “oh”II SyntaxSentences, Clauses, and Their Patterns
286 Definition 287 Statements 288 Questions 289 Some exceptional types of questions 290 Directives 291 Exceptional directives 292 ExclamationsThe Four Traditional Types of Sentence Structures 293 Simple sentence 294 Compound sentence 295 Complex sentence 296 Compound-complex sentenceEnglish Sentence Patterns 297 Importance of word order 298 The basic SVO pattern 299 All seven patterns 300 Variations on ordering the elements 301 Constituent elements 302 Identifying the subject 303 Identifying the predicate 304 Identifying the verb 305 Identifying the object 306 Identifying complements 307 Inner and outer complements 308 Identifying the adverbial elementClauses 309 In general 310 Relative clauses 311 Appositive clauses 312 Conditional clausesEllipsis 313 Generally 314 Anaphoric and cataphoric ellipsis 315 Whiz-deletionsNegation 316 Negation generally 317 The word “not” 318 The word “no” 319 Using negating pronouns and adverbs 320 Using “neither” and “nor” 321 Words that are negative in meaning and function 322 Affix negation 323 Negative interrogative and imperative statements 324 Double negatives 325 Other forms of negation 326 “Any” and “some” in negative statementsExpletives 327 Generally 328 Expletive “it” 329 Expletive “there” Parallelism 330 Generally 331 Prepositions 332 Paired joining terms 333 Auxiliary verbs 334 Verbs and adverbs at the outset 335 Longer elements Cleft Sentences 336 Definition 337 Types 338 Uses Traditional Sentence Diagramming
339 History and description 340 Benefits of diagrams 341 Using diagrams 342 Criticisms 343 How diagrams work 344 Baseline 345 Subject 346 Predicate 347 Direct object 348 Objective complement 349 Indirect object 350 Subjective complement 351 One-word modifiers 352 Prepositional phrases 353 Adjective clauses 354 Adverbial clauses 355 Noun clauses 356 Infinitives 357 Participles 358 Gerunds 359 Appositives 360 Independent elements 361 Conjunctions 362 Diagramming compound sentences 363 Diagramming complex sentences 364 Diagramming compound-complex sentences Transformational Grammar
Overview 365 Definition 366 Scope of section 367 Terminology of transformational grammar 368 Tools of transformational grammar 369 Universal symbols in rules 370 Tree diagramsBase Rules in Transformational Grammar 371 Parts of speech 372 Sentence basicsNouns and Noun Phrases 373 Functions of noun phrass 374 Simple noun phrasesDeterminers 375 Types of determiners 376 Numeric and nonnumeric determiners 377 Multiple determiners 378 Determiners in noun phrases 379 Prearticles 380 Noun phrases with determiner and prearticleNoun-Phrase Modifiers 381 Modifiers 382 Compound nouns 383 Combined rules 384 Number, person, and possessionVerb Phrases 385 Introduction 386 Functions of verb phrase 387 Principal verbs 388 Auxiliaries 389 Auxiliary verbs 390 “Have” 391 Multiple auxiliaries 392 “Be” as a principal verbDifferent Types of Principal Verbs 393 Generally 394 Middle verbs 395 Special subtypesAdverbials 396 Adverbials with principal verbs 397 Simple adverbs 398 Functions of simple adverbs 399 Prepositional phrase as adverbial 400 Noun phrase as adverbial 401 Adverbials of place, time, and manner 402 Number and tense of verbsTransformations 403 Deep and surface structure 404 Transformational rules 405 Surface transformation 406 Simple-question transformation 407 Imperative transformation 408 Active- to passive-voice transformation and back againSpotting Ambiguities 409 Identification 410 Lexical ambiguity 411 Surface-structure ambiguity 412 Deep-structure ambiguity 413 Active- and passive-voice diagramsIII Word Formation
414 Generally 415 Criteria for morphemes 416 Free and bound morphemes 417 Stems and affixes 418 Inflectional and derivational suffixes 419 Compounding 420 Conversion 421 Shortened forms 422 Elongations 423 Reduplicative forms 424 Loan translations 425 Acronyms and initialisms 426 NeologismsIV Word UsageIntroduction
427 Grammar vsusage 428 Standard Written English 429 Dialect 430 Focus on traditionTroublesome Words and Phrases
431 Good usage vs. common usage 432 Using big data to assess linguistic change 433 Preventive grammar 434 Glossary of troublesome expressionsBias-Free Language
435 Maintaining credibility 436 Gender bias 437 Other biases 438 Invisible gender-neutrality 439 Techniques for achieving gender-neutrality 440 Necessary gender-specific language 441 Sex-specific labels as adjectives 442 Gender-neutral singular pronouns 443 Problematic suffixes 444 Avoiding other biased language 445 Unnecessary focus on personal characteristics 446 Unnecessary emphasis on the trait, not the person 447 Inappropriate labelsPrepositional Idioms
448 Idiomatic uses 449 Shifts in idiom 450 Words and the prepositions construed with themV Punctuation
451 IntroductionThe Comma
Using Commas 452 With a conjunction between independent clauses 453 After a transitional or introductory phrase 454 To set off a nonrestrictive phrase or clause 455 To separate items in a series 456 To separate parallel modifiers 457 To distinguish indirect from direct speech 458 To separate the parts of full dates and addresses 459 To separate long numbers into three-digit chunks 460 To set off a name, word, or phrase used as a vocative 461 Before a direct question inside another sentence 462 To set off “etc.,” “et al.,” and the like at the end of a series 463 After the salutation in an informal letterPreventing Misused Commas 464 Not to separate a subject and its verb 465 Not to separate a verb and its object 466 Not to set off a quotation that blends into the sentence 467 Not to set off an adverb that needs emphasis 468 Not to separate compound predicates 469 Not to use alone to splice independent clauses 470 Not to use after a sentence-starting conjunction 471 Not to omit after an internal set-off word or phrase 472 Not to set off restrictive matter 473 Not around name suffixes such as Jr., III, Inc., and Ltd. 474 Not to separate modifiers that aren’t parallelThe Semicolon
Using Semicolons 475 To unite two short, closely connected sentences 476 To separate items in a complex series 477 In old style, to set off explanation or elaborationPreventing Misused Semicolons 478 Not where a colon is needed, as after a formal salutation 479 Not where a comma suffices, as in a simple listThe Colon
Using Colons 480 To link matter and indicate explanation or elaboration 481 To introduce an enumerated or otherwise itemized list 482 To introduce a question 483 Use a colon to introduce a question 484 After the salutation in business correspondence 485 To separate hours from minutes and in some citations 486 Without capitalizing the following matter needlesslyPreventing Misused Colons 487 Not to introduce matter that blends into your sentenceParentheses
Using Parentheses 488 To set off inserted matter that you want to minimize 489 To clarify appositives or attributions 490 To introduce shorthand or familiar names 491 Around numbers or letters when listing items in text 492 To denote subparts in a citation 493 Correctly in relation to terminal punctuation 494 To enclose a brief asidePreventing Misused Parentheses 495 Not before an opening parenthesisThe Em-Dash (or Long Dash)
Using Em-Dashes 496 To set off matter inserted in midsentence 497 To set off but emphasize parenthetical matter 498 To tack on an important afterthought 499 To introduce a specification or list 500 To show hesitation, faltering, or interruptionPreventing Misused Em-Dashes 501 Not using more than two in a sentence 502 Not after a comma, colon, semicolon, or terminal periodThe En-Dash (or Short Dash)
Using En-Dashes 503 In a range, to show tension, or to join equivalentsPreventing Misused En-Dashes 504 Not in place of a hyphen or em-dash 505 Not with the wording it replacesThe Hyphen
Using Hyphens 506 To join parts of a phrasal adjective 507 To mark other phrasal-adjective and suffix connections 508 In closely associated compounds according to usage 509 When writing out fractions and two-word numbers 510 To show hesitation, stammering, and the like 511 In proper names when appropriate 512 In some number groups or when spelling out a word 513 With “l‑” suffixes (e.g., “-like”) on words ending in “-ll”Preventing Misused Hyphens 514 Not after a prefix unless an exception applies 515 Not in place of an em-dash, even when doubled (“”) 516 Not with an “‑ly” adverb and a participial adjective 517 Not in a phrasal verbThe Apostrophe
Using Apostrophes 518 To indicate the possessive case 519 To mark a contraction or to signal dialectal speech 520 To form plurals of letters, digits, and some abbreviationsPreventing Misused Apostrophes 521 Not to form other plurals, especially of names 522 Not to omit obligatory apostrophesQuotation Marks
Using Quotation Marks 523 To quote matter of 50 or fewer words 524 When using a term as a term or when defining a term 525 When you mean “so-called” or “but-not-really” 526 For titles of short-form works, according to a style guide 527 To show internal quotation using single marks 528 To signal matter used idiomatically, not literally 529 Placed correctly in relation to other punctuationPreventing Misused Quotation Marks 530 Not for a phrasal adjective 531 Not to emphasize a word or note its informalityThe Question Mark
Using Question Marks 532 After a direct question Preventing Misused Question Marks 533 Not after an indirect questionThe Exclamation Mark
Using Exclamation Marks 534 After exclamatory matter, especially when quoting othersPreventing Misused Exclamation Marks 535 Not to express your own surprise or amazementThe Period
Using Periods 536 To end a typical sentence, not a question or exclamation 537 To indicate an abbreviated name or title 538 Placed properly with parentheses and brackets 539 To show a decimal place in a numeralPreventing Misused Periods 540 Not with an abbreviation at sentence endBrackets
Using Brackets 541 In a quotation, to enclose matter not in the original 542 In parenthetical matter, to enclose another parenthetical 543 To enclose the citation of a source, as in a footnotePreventing Misused Brackets 544 Not in place of ellipsis dots when matter is deletedThe Slash (Virgule)
Using Slashes 545 To separate alternatives (but never “and/or”) 546 To separate numerical parts in a fraction 547 Informally, to separate elements in a date 548 Informally, as a shorthand signal for “per” 549 To separate lines of poetry or of a songPreventing Misused Slashes 550 Not when a hyphen or en-dash would sufficeBullets
551 To mark listed items of a more or less equal rankingEllipsis Dots
Using Ellipsis Dots 552 To show that an unfinished sentence trails off 553 To signal rumination, musing, or hesitation 554 To signal an omission of matter within a quotation 555 With following period, to show omission at sentence end 556 With preceding period, to show omission after sentencePreventing Misused Ellipsis Dots 557 Omitting space or allowing a line break between dots 558 Beginning a quotation with ellipsis dotsSelect GlossarySources for Inset Quotations Select Bibliography AcknowledgmentsWord Index General IndexPronunciation Guide
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