Table of Contents
Abbreviations XI
Table 1: Early Second-Millennium Gilgamesh Narrative XIII
Table 2: Reconstructed Relationships between Early Second-Millennium Gilgamesh Compositions XV
Foreword XVII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
I Early Second-Millennium Evidence for Gilgamesh in Akkadian and Sumerian 5
II The Case for an Independent Akkadian Huwawa Narrative 10
III The Sumerian Pedigree of the Huwawa Tale 14
Chapter 2 Enkidu's First Steppe: Competing Portraits of Enkidu in Yale and Penn 19
I Enkidu in the Steppe 20
II Herdsmen and Cities: The bulum as Domestic Livestock 23
III Enkidu and the Steppe after Ur III Sumer 28
IV From Servant to Sage to Savage: Enkidu as the One Who Knows 32
V Enkidu's Heirs: The Knowledgeable Women of the Gilgamesh Epic 38
Chapter 3 Defining the Bounds of the Akkadian Huwawa Narrative 43
I The Sippar Tablet: The Epic and the Death of Enkidu 45
II The Huwawa Narrative as Preserved in Ten Old Babylonian Texts 51
A The Scope of the Huwawa Narrative 52
B Huwawa as the Defining Center 55
C Enkidu and Gilgamesh in Pursuit of Huwawa 59
D Huwawa, Enkidu, and Their Back-Country Origins 61
E The Possibility of Epic Influence in Huwawa Narrative Texts 63
Chapter 4 From Sumerian to Akkadian: Major Innovations in the Akkadian Huwawa Tale 69
I The Priority of the Version B Narrative 70
II Enkidu's Relocation to the Steppe: The Domino Effect 74
A The New Need to Persuade Enkidu 74
B Establishing a Name 75
C The Dream Sequence 77
III Details Lost with Rendition in Akkadian 79
IV The Influence of the Akkadian Huwawa Narrative on the Sumerian Tradition 83
A Launching the Expedition 84
B Enkidu's Knowledge of Huwawa 86
V The Nature of the Akkadian Tale at the Time of Its Influence 87
Chapter 5 Behind Penn: Old Babylonian Introductions to the Huwawa Narrative and to the Epic 91
I Remnants of the Introduction to the Akkadian Huwawa Narrative 92
A Schøyen-1 92
B The Penn Tablet 96
II Reintroducing Enkidu to Gilgamesh: The Epic Version 101
III Columns I-II of Yale: Integration of Older Narrative with Epic Revision 103
IV Role Revision in the Epic Version 108
Chapter 6 Conclusion 111
Bibliography 119
Translations: The Early Second-Millennium Evidence 123
The Pennsylvania Tablet ("Penn") 125
The Yale Tablet ("Yale") 135
UM 150
Schøyen-1 152
Schøyen-2 154
Schøyen-3 161
Nippur 163
Harmal-1 165
Harmal-2 168
Ishchali 172
OB IM 176
The Sippar Tablet 178
The Sumerian Gilgamesh and Huwawa 182
Version A 182
Version B 196
Indexes
Subjects 209
Akkadian and Sumerian Words 213
Author Index 215
Citations from the Translated Gilgamesh Texts 217
Plates 223
