Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
Development of Human Understanding of Migration 2
Origins of Migration 3
Types of Migration 5
Patterns of Migration Within Species 20
Adaptations for Migration 21
2 Breeding Period 25
Beginning the Cycle: Arrival at the Breeding Grounds 25
Site Fidelity and Dispersal 30
Habitat Selection 33
Interval Between Arrival and Reproduction 37
Reproduction 39
3 Postbreeding Period 54
Purposes of the Postbreeding Period 55
Movements and Habitat Use During the Postbreeding Period 63
Duration of the Postbreeding Period 75
Timing and Siting of the Prebasic Molt in Relation to Other Major Life Cycle Events 82
4 Fall Transient Period 91
Preparation for Departure 91
Cues for Departure 95
Timing of Departure Within the Fall Transient Period 101
Timing of Departure Within the Circadian Period 106
Migratory Flight 107
Migration Route 113
Orientation and Navigation 124
Stopover 128
5 Wintering Period 130
Arrival 130
Social Structure During the Nonbreeding Period 137
Nonbreeding/Winter Distribution 152
6 Spring Transient Period 171
Preparation for Departure 171
Cues for Departure 172
Timing of Departure Within the Spring Transient Period 175
Timing of Departure Within the Circadian Period 179
Migratory Flight (Zugstimmung) 180
Migration Route 180
Orientation and Navigation 185
Stopover 186
Climate Change 194
7 Population Ecology 198
Theory 200
Population Change 211
Causes of Migrant Population Change 217
8 Evolution and Biogeography 231
The Theory 231
Exaptations Versus Adaptations for Migration 232
Genetics of Migration 233
Rapid Development of Migration 236
Reaction Norms 245
Population Differentiation 246
Ornithogeography and Migration Patterns 254
The World's Principal Migration Systems 260
9 Migratory Birds and Pathogen Movement 270
West Nile Virus 271
Avian Influenza 277
10 Connectivity and Conservation 284
Connectivity 284
Conservation 294
11 Conclusion 302
Migration as a Life History Strategy 315
Appendix A Population Dynamics of Periodic Breeders 317
Generalized Single-Habitat Logistic Models 318
Multiple-Habitat Models 323
Discrete Models 325
Metamorphic and Spawning Species with Non-Overlapping Generations 327
Threshold Effects 328
Summary 329
Appendix B Age-Structured Periodic Breeders 330
Age-Independent Periodic Breeders 332
Age-Structured Models 332
Summary 343
References 345
Taxonomic Index 415
Index 423