Table of Contents
List of Illustrations xiii
Preface xvii
Introduction xxi
I Understanding Creativity 1
1 What Makes Us Creative? 5
Einstein, Bach, Picasso: What Makes These People Special? 7
2 Seven Hallmarks of Creativity and Two Marks of Genius 9
1 The Need for Introspection 9
2 Know Your Strengths 9
3 Focus, Persevere, and Don't Be Afraid to Make Mistakes 10
4 Collaborate and Compete 11
5 Beg, Borrow, or Steal Great Ideas 13
6 Thrive on Ambiguity 15
7 The Need for Experience and Suffering 16
The Two Marks of Genius 19
Intent, Imagination, and Unpredictability 23
3 Margaret Boden's Three Types of Creativity 25
4 Unconscious Thought: The Key Ingredient 29
The Four Stages of Creativity 30
The Importance of Taking Time off 31
Unconscious Thought and Computers 35
5 The Birth of Artificial Intelligence 37
The First Inklings of Computer Creativity 40
Computers That Mimic the Brain 42
6 Games Computers Play 45
Deep Blue Defeats Garry Kasparov 45
IBM Watson Becomes Jeopardy! Champion 48
AlphaGo Defeats the Reigning World Go Champion 50
II Portrait of the Computer as an Artist 55
7 DeepDream: How Alexander Mordvintsev Excavated the Computer's Hidden Layers 59
Mike Tyka Takes the Dream Deeper 66
8 Blaise Agüera y Areas Brings Together Artists and Machine Intelligence 71
Memo Akten Educates a Neural Network 74
9 What Came after DeepDream? 77
Damien Henry and a Machine That Dreams a Landscape 77
Mario Klingemann and His X Degrees of Separation 78
Angelo Semeraro's Recognition: Intertwining Past and Present 81
Leon Gatys's Style Transfer: Photography "In the Style Of" 83
10 Ian Goodfellow's Generative Adversarial Networks: Al Learns to Imagine 87
Mike Tyka's Portraits of Imaginary People 90
Refik Anadol Creates a Dreaming Archive 92
Theresa Reimann-Dubbers's AI Looks at the Messiah 94
Jake Elwes's Dreams of Latent Space 96
11 Phillip Isola's Pix2Pix: Filling in the Picture 99
Mario Klingemann Changes Faces with Pix2Pix 101
Anna Ridler's Fall of the House of Usher 104
12 Jun-Yan Zhu's CycleGAN Turns Horses into Zebras 107
Mario Klingemann Plays with CycleGAN 110
13 Ahmed Elgammal's Creative Adversarial Networks 113
14 "But Is It Art?": GANs Enter the Art Market 119
15 Simon Colton's The Painting Fool 123
16 Hod Lipson and Patrick Tresset's Artist Robots 129
III Machines That Make Music: Putting the "Rhythm" into "Algorithm" 133
17 Project Magenta: Al Creates Its Own Music 137
18 From WaveNet and NSynth to Coconet: Adventures in Music Making 145
WaveNet: From Voice to Music 145
NSynth-Creating Sounds Never Heard Before 146
Coconet: Filling in the Gaps 147
19 Francois Pachet and His Computers That Improvise and Compose Songs 149
The Flow Machine 150
20 Gil Weinberg and Mason Bretan and Their Robot Jazz Band 155
21 David Cope Makes Music That Is "More Bach than Bach" 163
22 "The Drunken Pint" and Other Folk Music Composed by Bob Sturm and Oded Ben-Tal's Al 169
23 Rebecca Fiebrink Uses Movement to Generate Sound 175
24 Marwaread Mary Farbood Sketches Music 179
25 Eduardo Miranda and His Improvising Slime Mold 183
IV Once Upon a Time: Computers That Weave Magic with Words 187
26 The Pinocchio Effect 191
27 The Final Frontier: Computers with a Sense of Humor 193
28 Al and Poetry 201
Pablo Gervás and His Poetic Algorithms 201
29 Rafael Perez y Perez and the Problems of Creating Rounded Stories 205
30 Nick Montfort Makes Poetry with Pi 211
31 Allison Parrish Sends Probes into Semantic Space 217
32 Ross Goodwin and the First Ai-Scripted Movie 225
33 Sarah Harmon Uses AI to Create Illuminating Metaphors 231
34 Tony Veale and His Metaphor- and Story-Generating Programs 235
35 Hannah Davis Turns Words into Music 241
36 Simon Colton's Poetic Fool 245
V Staged by Android Lloyd Webber and Friends 249
37 The World's First Computer-Composed Musical: Beyond the Fence 253
VI Can Computers Be Creative? 259
38 A Glimpse of the Future? 263
Creativity in Humans and Machines 265
39 What Goes On in the Computer's Brain? 267
Jason Yosinski and the Puzzle of What Machines See 267
Mark Riedl on Teaching Neural Networks to Communicate 269
40 What Drives Creativity? 271
Margaret Boden and Computer Creativity 272
41 Evaluating Creativity in Computers 275
Geiaint Wiggins and the Mind's Chorus 276
Graeme Ritchie's Mathematical Criteria for Measuring the Creativity of a Computer Program 277
Anna Jordanous's Fourteen Components of Creativity 279
42 Computers with Feelings 281
Rosalind Picard on Developing Machines That Feel 282
Machines Gaining Experience of the World 284
Machines That Suffer 286
43 The Question of Consciousness 289
John Searle's Chinese Room and the Question of Whether Computers Can Actually Think 290
Reducing Consciousness to the Sum of Its Parts 291
44 Michael Graziano: Developing Conscious Computers 295
Awareness and Attention 296
Self-Awareness, Introspection, and Perseverance in Computers 298
Giving Computers Consciousness 299
45 Two Dissenting Voices 301
Douglas Hofstadter and the Honors of a Future Controlled by Creative Machines 301
Pat Langley and Machines That Work More like People 304
46 Can We Apply the Hallmarks of Creativity to Computers? 307
The Need to Know Your Strengths 307
The Need to Beg, Borrow, or Steal Great Ideas, and the Need for Collaboration and Competition 307
The Need to Focus and Not Be Afraid to Make Mistakes 308
The Need to Thrive on Ambiguity and the Need for Experience and Suffering 308
The Ability to Discover the Key Problem and to Spot Connections 308
47 The Future 311
Where We Are Now 311
Where We Are Going 312
And into the Future 312
Acknowledgments 315
Illustration Credits 317
Notes 319
Bibliography 347
Index 369
