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The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century
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The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century
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Overview
This is the history of how two countries on the northern edge of Europe built societies in the twentieth century that became objects of inspiration and envy around the world. Francis Sejersted, one of Scandinavia's leading historians, tells how Norway and Sweden achieved a rare feat by realizing grand visions of societies that combine stability, prosperity, and social welfare. It is a history that holds many valuable lessons today, at a time of renewed interest in the Scandinavian model.
The book tells the story of social democracy from the separation of Norway and Sweden in 1905 through the end of the century, tracing its development from revolutionary beginnings through postwar triumph, as it became a hegemonic social order that left its stamp on every sector of society, the economy, welfare, culture, education, and family. The book also tells how in the 1980s, partly in reaction to the strong state, a freedom and rights revolution led to a partial erosion of social democracy. Yet despite the fracturing of consensus and the many economic and social challenges facing Norway and Sweden today, the achievement of their welfare states remains largely intact.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780691242194 |
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Publisher: | Princeton University Press |
Publication date: | 01/10/2023 |
Pages: | 552 |
Product dimensions: | 6.12(w) x 9.25(h) x (d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
The Many Faces of ModernizationThe Scandinavian SolutionThree PhasesNational CharacteristicsOverview of the Book
PART I: 1905-1940: Growth and Social Integration
CHAPTER 1: Dreaming the Land of the Future 15
Norsk HydroScience and ModernizationIndustrialization, a Natural Process for SwedenNorway Follows HesitantlyEmigration and IndustrializationThe Norrland DebateThe Norwegian Concession LawsElectricity, the Basisfor Technological ModernizationWar and Structural ProblemsThrust forSocializationConsolidation of Two Different StructuresRationalizationTechnocracyDreaming the Land of the Future
CHAPTER 2: National Integration and Democracy 50
The Question of Political Democracy in the Period around 1905Mobilizing the PublicTraining for DemocracyToward an Integrated School System in NorwayContrasting the Two CountriesKarl Staaff and the Question of Suffrage in SwedenArvid Lindman and the Question of Universal SuffrageThe Difficult Road to ParliamentarianismGunnar Knudsen and State CapitalismCurrents of AntiparliamentarianismThe Farmers and ModernizationFarmers on the Offensive: NorwayFarmers on the Offensive: SwedenCrisis Settlement in Both CountriesWomen and Civil and Political RightsThe Integration of Minorities: The SamiThe Integration of Minorities: Refugees from GermanyNational Integration and Democracy
CHAPTER 3: Assistance for Self-Help 99
The Conceptual Basis for Social PolicyA Great Preventive ProjectHealth InsuranceNational Pension PlansUnemployment InsurancePopulation Crisis?The Politics of SterilizationAssistance for Self-Help
CHAPTER 4: Revolution or Reform 122
The Last Great Popular MovementWorking-Class CultureMarxist Rhetoric and Reformist PracticeAn Indistinct PolicyFrom One's Own Home to the People's Home: The Labor Movement and the Land QuestionHjalmar BrantingThe Big Strike of 1909The Party Is SplitMartin TranmælWorker ScandinavianismHow Radical?"A Peculiar Legalization Activity"The Level of Conflict EscalatesThe Solidarity Game Is EstablishedPer Albin Hansson and the "People's Home"Johan Nygaardsvold and the People's PartyThe Expansionism of the Crisis Policy as IdeologyRevolution or Reform
CHAPTER 5: Distance and Proximity 173
DistanceProximityWorld War IAn Expanded Home Market?A Nordic Defense Alliance?
PART II: 1940-1970: The Golden Age of Social Democracy
CHAPTER 6: Cooperation in a Menacing World 185
Not the Same WarThe Cold WarStill Not the Same War?The Internal Danger and SurveillanceA New Drive for a Nordic Customs UnionSAS: A Success StoryDespite Everything, a Flourishing CollaborationCooperation in a Menacing World
CHAPTER 7: "The Most Dynamic Force for Social Development" 205
Class Society in Transformation IClass Society in Transformation II"The Most Dynamic Force for Social Development"The Vision of the Atomic AgeSweden: A Winner NationThe Wallenberg SystemSwedish Labor Market PolicyThe Norwegian State and the Labor MarketFocusing on Natural ConditionsTo "Play Wallenberg" in NorwayAn Attempt to Create a Norwegian Knowledge IndustrySuccessful Industrial Policy?The Social Democratic Urban LandscapeTheSuburban TownsWho Can Save the City?The Triumph of Reason
CHAPTER 8: The Crowning Glory 241
Technocracy and the Welfare StateChildren and the FamilyThe Radicalism of the MyrdalsThe Era of the Nuclear FamilyThe Housewife Contract under PressureThe Struggle over the Compulsory General Supplementary Pension (ATP)Agreement on Social SecurityWhy Standard Security?The "Evangian" Health PolicySwedish Health PolicyGood Family HousingSocial Democracy's Happy Moment
CHAPTER 9: What Kind of People Do We Need? 267
Sweden and Norway, One School-NationA Break with the Past?What Kind of Equality?Integration and NormalitySeveral Dilemmas under the SurfaceAn Unsuccessful Integration DriveMarginalized UniversitiesSwedish University ReformNorwegian University ReformThe Social Democratic People's ChurchChurch and MoralsWhich Is More ImportantHealth or Salvation?What Kind of Human Being?
CHAPTER 10: Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 289
Tage Erlander and Einar GerhardsenThe Struggle over the Planned Economy in SwedenThe Struggle over the Planned Economy in NorwayA Social Democratic ConstitutionCorporatism and Economic DemocracyThe New Administrative CorporatismHow Democratic?The Double Strategy of Business and IndustryAn Ideological CounterthrustSocial Democracy as a Consumer SocietyTaxation SocialismCapitalism without Capitalists?Credit Socialism or Indicative Planning?An Order in Its Own Right
PART III: 1970-2000: A Richer Reality
CHAPTER 11: A Difficult Modernity 333
A Decade of ConflictThe Social Democrats ReplyThe Risk SocietySweden and Nuclear PowerNorway and Natural Gas EnergyThe Nordic Energy MarketNorway Becomes an Oil NationHeavy-Handed DiscriminationSweden Loses Its Leading PositionNew Policy: A Turnabout?Successful Policy?A Difficult Modernity
CHAPTER 12: What Happened to Economic Democracy? 361
Corporatism under PressureNevertheless, a Change of Model?Industrial DemocracySelf-determinationWage Earner Fundsa Radical MoveWeakened Administrative CorporatismLabor Power for a Better Competitive EdgeSocial Democracy in a Globalized EconomyA Weak Milieu of Private OwnershipState OwnershipAn Ambiguous Development
CHAPTER 13: From Equality to Freedom 388
The Welfare State under PressureThe Changing Character of Social PolicyThe Hunt for the Lost Sense of CommunityThe Jewel Is Removed from the CrownDoes Norway Follow Suit?From an Emigration Society to an Immigration SocietyThe Establishment of an Immigration PolicyA Political MinefieldThe Policy Is RevisedToward the Two-Income FamilyThe Great Dispute over the Cash Benefit PlanGender Equality LiteA School for the WeakestGudmund Hernesa ParenthesisToward the Dissolution of the Comprehensive SchoolThe Universities and Market LogicFrom Equality to Freedom
CHAPTER 14: The Return of Politics 431
Two PerspectivesIs Democratic Power Disintegrating?A Weakened Party SystemNew Forms of ParticipationSocial Democracy's Media SystemThe Great ReleaseThreats to IndependenceThe Media-Biased SocietyThe Decay of the General Public?The Youth RebellionFeminismMarxism-LeninismConstitutionalism RediscoveredThe Return of the Values DebateJesusa Social Democrat?The Common GoodA Showdown with the PastThe Return of Politics
CHAPTER 15: The Last "Soviet States"? 468
A Large-Scale Cooperative EffortThe Volvo Agreement: Another Unsuccessful CampaignToward a Nordic Economic Region?EuropeWhy Did Sweden Reverse Its Policy on Europe?The Last "Soviet States"?After Social Democracy: Toward New Social Structures? 484
A Successbut Not Exclusively SoSocial Democracy's Liberal InheritanceThe Institutional Structures under PressureThe Freedom and Rights RevolutionWhat Kind of Freedom?High ScoreToward New Structures?Politics Matter
Bibliography 503
Index 533
What People are Saying About This
"This book will be a treasure trove for scholars—and politicians!—who want to understand the workings of the 'Scandinavian model.' Social scientists will value it for the wealth of telling details and compelling counterexamples that can suggest new generalizations and undermine old ones. Historians will appreciate how narrative and analysis acquire depth and relief by the comparison between the intertwined developments of Norway and Sweden, one country now lagging behind and now leaping ahead of its neighbor along economic, political, and cultural dimensions. Politicians will want to understand whether the stable and affluent social democracies rest on unique historical and geographical constellations or offer a model that can be imitated. By virtue of its acute psychological insights and low-key but poignant irony, The Age of Social Democracy is also a marvelously wise book."—Jon Elster, Collège de France and Columbia University"It is very rare to find this kind of grand historical work today, a synthetic account of a major political movement that spans more than a hundred years and covers two countries. This is a very rich book, addressing numerous subjects, from social insurance, the welfare state project, and labor market policies to university reforms and religious questions. Sejersted demonstrates an almost phenomenal knowledge of the research that has been carried out on the subjects he discusses."—Bo Rothstein, University of Gothenburg"Sejersted does a masterful job of following and linking the threads of economic and intellectual developments. This is a major work."—Henry Milner, University of Umea, Sweden