Thailand Transformed: 1950-2012: Is Thailand the Test Case?

by Culver S. Ladd

Overview

Is Thailand the Test Case for Asian Development? That is the issue that caught my imagination and attracted me to teach and research in Thailand in 1964 and it has caught my constant attention over the years to the processes that were applied to help that nation develop. the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) financing of the Bhumipol (Yanhee) Dam at Tak in Northwest Thailand as a study of how corruption can be eliminated in development is to vital a testament of "how to control corruption" that it must be told! Yes, it is possible to eliminate corruption! But it takes patience and determination on the part of the financing agency and administrators! It takes time! Yet once achieved the citizens have pride in its integrity!

By 1972-3 Thailand had developed more than a dozen colleges and universities and finally the Ministry of Education permitted the establishment of a private college with the founding of Bangkok College. discussions began for the founding of a Christian college and in 1974 Payap college was founded in Chiang Mai with 204 students. Private colleges operated as tuition charging institutions and manages to grow rapidly. In 1985 Payap College was able to meet the requirement of the Ministry for certification as the first private University in Thailand. Today that Payap University enrolls nearly 8,000 students in more than 24 different degree programs.

As these processes of development and educational advancement have been going on in Thailand political development has also been maturing. Where since 1932, Thailand has been known as a "Land of the Coups" there has been change when for example a prime minister has decided to "resign" rather than waiting to be couped; and after a particularly violent coup in 1991, the coupmakers are shown on TV in the monarch's presence. Generals do not enjoy being embarrassed and are now significantly more restrained. When an election can be peacefully conducted and a woman elected prime minister, politics has made real progress! Even so, as Thailand floods, the political infighting is becoming vicious and we hold our breath and pray that the generals restrain!

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781468547375
Publisher:	AuthorHouse
Publication date:	04/12/2012
Pages:	208
Product dimensions:	5.80(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.70(d)

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Thailand Transformed: 1950-2012

"Is Thailand the Test Case?"

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By Culver S. Ladd

AuthorHouse

Copyright © 2012 Culver S. Ladd, Ph.D.
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4685-4737-5

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Chapter One

Introduction to Development in Thailand

My advisor for the Masters Degree in 1963 at The American University, Dr. Harold H. Roth, said, "Mr. Ladd, you should teach!" Teach what and where?

And then, Presbyterian Life magazine advertised, "Bangkok Christian Colelge needs teachers. I had the answer!

Why was that an answer? It is fundamental to understand why I arrived at that decision then. Two factors were important: my Church background and the University of Maryland leadership roles I had played there. My pastor in Washington was a China-born mission kid, and Princeton Seminary classmate of the Chief of Presbyterian missionaries in Thailand. At Maryland I had created the first Campus Fund Drive with specific funding for World Universities Service Fund targeting Asian university libraries. Couple all of that with Korean Conflict active duty Air Force assignments in Japan, recent work with the law firm of Covington & Burling, as Assistant Office Manager on law cases dealing with the Pakistan Water Delegation and its Indus River Basin hydropower developments and a law case that Dean Acheson argued in the World Court between Thailand and Cambodia on the temple of Khao Phra Vihar, and you can understand that I had an Asian interest.

After receiving the Masters Degree in Public Administration I headed to Harvard University for Summer School in July 1963. That was a very good change of pace, with classes in American Political Theory and Cultural Anthropology; very different from The American University at 19th and F Streets, N.W. However, I attended lectures in Honor of William Y. Elliott, who was retiring after 30 + years as head of the Department of Government and going to The American University, in Washington, D.C. I obviously was going the wrong direction!!

Dr. Roth was quite surprised to see me return in the Fall Term 1963. I was determined to have a class with Dr. Elliott and finally got one scheduled in the Spring Term 1964. That was one of the most important classes I ever enrolled in, a class in Political Theory. Our first class meeting was attended by 12 to 15 students and Dr. Elliott informed us of his requirements and that we would meet regularly. The second meeting was attended by six or maybe seven students. It seems that his requirement "... of at least 75 pages to begin to fully express yourself" surprised some at our first meeting.

Dr. Elliott suggested that each of us should sketch out some ideas of what we would write about and arrange to come to his office for an appointment in the next week. This was a very unique experience, as I was trying to build academic strength in Political Theory for Doctoral Comprehensives. My suggestions included Hobbes, Locke and other British theorists. Elliott asked "why do you not suggest the French," and further "... do you read French?" To which I replied, "No, I do not read French." And of course he went on to comment how much better it is to read in the original language.

And now comes the guidance, "You might begin with a look at Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Commonweale, (1530-1596);and then of course read some of Baron Charles Montesquieu, in the Spirit of the Laws, (1689-1755), and read Democracy in America, written by Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805-1859)." He then suggested reading a bit and then sketching out what I might suggest as an outline and "... let's talk again." It was this kind of interacting in the teaching process that I had not experienced before. Here we were shaping a doctoral dissertation I would write twenty years later. The paper I wrote and delivered n the last class was titled: The Development of Constitutionalism. I think it exceeded the 75 page requirement, because these are the great thinkers who shaped and commented on the America we all know as so unique in world politics, and they did excite me.

During the summer of 1964 I was engaged in preparation for comprehensive examinations. On August 5, 1964 I was driving back to Washington from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with several cousins when we heard President Lyndon B. Johnson announce that we had been attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin by Vietnamese ships. And I commented to those cousins, "Well I know what that means, I will be headed to South-East Asia very soon." During the Fall Term 1963 I had enrolled for my first course on the Main American University Campus on Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. a Seminar on International Relations taught by Dr. Ernest W. LeFever, an adjunct professor associated with Brookings Institution. He was planning to be in the Congo during some portion of our class so we worked to structure projects quickly when we first met. I wanted to do a paper on Thailand in Southeast Asia, and asked his advice on using the National War College library at Ft. McNair, D.C. He asked if I had credentials for admission and I said yes, I did have a military ID, and he said go ahead. That was a most fortuitous event because once I gained admission and told the librarians what I was studying, they deluged me with the latest articles on that subject. I have never had such treatment in any library since that visit in the fall of 1963.

The Virginia Quarterly Review, 1950-51 had a most amazing treatment of South east Asia, and particularly with regard to Thailand. Professor Amry Vandenbosch of the University of Kentucky wrote the article, Thailand, the Test Case. The essence of what he was saying was that soft-power was a valid approach to international relations. China and India are too large countries for the United States to make major socio-economic changes within them, whereas Thailand is between them and it is more possible to help them achieve those desired transformations! And, let both China and India watch those changes, and let them change themselves. Though Vandenbosch did not use the term soft-power, he did in fact define what it has come to be understood to accomplish in international relations. Now in the twenty-first century we can look back some fifty years and clearly see that the Thai transformations are contributing to both Chinese and Indian transformations as business and economic interactions are consistently occurring among these nation-states.

In the process of developing data for that paper on American Involvement in Thailand I was told of an adjunct professor who was coming to join the faculty of the School of International Service in the future, now heading Southeast Asian studies at the Foreign Service Institute of the State Department, a Dr. Kenneth P. Landon. I called upon him at the Institute in Arlington and got some first hand knowledge of Thailand politics. The next time I was to see Dr. Landon was in Bangkok, Thailand when he delivered a Lecture to the American Chamber of Commerce in 1966 and he commented that students of his did sometimes disappear.

A leap of Faith into Southeast Asia

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution of August 8, 1964 set my course of action for Thailand, I knew from experience in Japan, how the Korean Conflict had importantly helped Japanese post war development and knew that something similar was to affect Thailand. During the fall term I supported myself doing survey research for the firm Mendota Research of New Jersey interviewing physicians on their use of various pharmaceuticals, this was my first experience with survey research methodologies. Once I finished a draft Political Science paper for Dr. Edgar Robinson, political theory reader at the School of Public Affairs, and the pending 1964 Election votes were cast I was ready to depart for Thailand. I left Washington after the 15th of November 1964 by military air to Spokane, Washington, by train down to Seattle and by Pan Am flight to Honolulu for shopping and some beach time. Then I caught Pan Am flight #1 to Bangkok via Tokyo and Hong Kong, arriving at the American Club on Wireless Road at 2:30am, Sunday morning, November 22, 1964.

When one de-planes at Don Muang Airport, Bangkok and that heat and humidity strikes you for the first time, you suddenly know you are in the tropics: Bangkok is known to be the hottest city in the world, and there are those occasions when you know that is true! However, there are those other occasions after a three hour monsoon downpour is ended and the evening breezes begin and it is quite pleasant even in June and July. Now, in the 21st Century Bangkok has ability to adjust easily, whereas in 1964 I arrived just before the first wave of changes arrived and it was stifling. The first change I was expecting was hydropower from the Yanhee Dam on the River Ping; it did not arrive until late December.

My research had shown me what was transpiring in Thailand, Jorgenson & Jorgenson were there (from 14th Street between F & G Streets above the Hot Shoppes), a communications engineering firm placing repeater antennae on mountain tops to carry signals from Bangkok studios to peasant villages in Thailand's mountain valleys. It was more than a dozen years since Vandenbosch had posed his thesis on Thai development, and much development had been occurring. After a couple hours of sleep I was up and off to Church, at Wattana Chapel on Soi 19, Sukhumvit Road. However, I missed the English language service and sat through a Thai Service and then inquired about other services that same day. The organist spoke perfect English and gave me complete details and offered to drive me back to the American Club after the students were release to go home with their parents.

Now comes my introduction to education in polite "Thai Society." As I sat on the porch of the administration building of Wattana Wittaya Academy, a Presbyterian missionary school for girls founded in 1874, students came forward and knelt with their head on their hands at the foot of their teacher, who then dismissed them to return home with their parents. This is the first school for girls outside of the Palace grounds in Thailand and it is the premier preparatory school for Thai women. For an American this was quite an introduction to Thailand as it truly educates its younger generation. All the teachers I saw that day were Thai women, foreign women did not appear in this ceremony of respect and honor, teaching an ethic of politeness.

The organist drove me back to the American Club where I was met by Thai faculty people who had studied in the States. We had lunch together and I made the mistake of eating a salad in Bangkok. For the next two months I was sick, until I was Hospitalized in February at the Seventh Day Adventists Hospital for nearly three weeks and bedridden for two months with Acute Glomerulonephritis, a childhood disease that killed Britt Hadden, co-founder of Time Magazine in 1929. I survived because Penicillin and Aeromyasin had been invented and were available in Thailand.

Though I was sick constantly losing weight with diarrhea and occasional vomiting, I did keep busy. I attended church at Fourth Church that first evening and met with Dr. Horace Ryburn, head of Presbyterian missions in Thailand and arranged to come into his office the next morning. The next morning I met with Konrad Kingshill the author of the ad that brought me to Thailand to teach. His comment was: "Look across the street, we are tearing it down, why did you not write, I would have told you to come next year." What was happening across the street was actually changing the face of Thailand, more about that later.

Konrad did have a suggestion, "Go to IIE (Institute of International Education) up the street, and ask them for some ideas on places to teach." And so I left and walked a half mile or so to IIE offices and the director, Dr. John Brohm was out of town and his wife suggested I go to the International School of Bangkok. I soon found my way to Soi 15, Sukhumvit Road and the International School of Bangkok, (ISB). Yes, they were interested, and if I would call and they had a need, I would be teaching. A couple of mornings later I was teaching JoAnne Hankins class on Asian Studies. Substitute teaching was fun and yet I was told I should visit Chiang Mai in north Thailand. So early in December I took the train to Chiang Mai and sought out John Hamlin, principal of Thailand Theological Seminary, and inquired about anthropological digs in north Thailand, which was a jump back to my Cultural Anthropology class at Harvard. He did not know of any in the north, but only in the far northeast of Thailand. On my rented motorcycle I explored Chiang Mai and its mountain top temple of Doi Sutep. Sunday I was at first church on the Ping River and met an American lady with a broad brimmed hat, who suggested I come home with her and meet "the doctor." Charlotte McDaniel was the first American to invite me into their home to meet Dr. Edwin McDaniel surgeon and medical missionary. They were close friends of mine all of their lives, and Chiang Mai has become one of those special places in Southeast Asia.

That was a very fine introduction to some of the heartland of Thailand, and its people, some of whom live in the mountain-tops. There are many peoples in Thailand, unified by a monarchy and held together with deep cultural roots that give the society a politeness that is refreshing in a world of brashness. And so I returned to Bangkok and a teaching assignment that ebbed-and-flowed depending on who was ill. In late December all of Bangkok electric power companies merged their activities with the new flow of yanhee power coming in and nightly power outages ceased. A new 220 volt system was adopted in exchange for the 110 volt system and economics was credited with that necessity. The inherent dangers of that conversion have never been discussed. At about that same time, weather changed and I caught cold, and that increased my sickness, such that by the end of January 1965 I was swelling and unable to get my shoes on easily. Since I knew the chief pharmacist at the embassy medical unit, I call on them and they took samples of blood. Jess Day called and invited me to supper at their home and informed me I needed immediate medical help. He arranged my entry into the 7th day Adventist hospital where Dr. Kenneth D. Doran saved my life.

Those teachers at ISB spearheaded by Mrs. Bernice Scheible and her husband inquired and arranged for me to share a house with a young officer near their home. Lt. Oscar Chase, invited me to share his house and arranged for a steady supply of good food, and for two months I was bed-ridden. Mid-April I was cleared by Dr. Doran to get up and teach, and I returned to ISB full time replacing a dismissed teacher of American History and United States Government. I often say, I never quit teaching from then until 2001, which is true except for some time in classes for the advanced degrees; so thankful to be alive and productive.

Teaching American History in Thailand

This was a most unique experience if you teach our history from discovery to modern times in a continuous flow in a single year in a developing country like Thailand was in 1965-67. It crystallizes aspects of our process of development that are essentially needed for Thailand's development too. The inflow of educated immigrants into America led it to change and develop: in essence education for all citizens means fundamental changes can occur as they employ their new knowledge in life's processes. European immigrants were all educated peoples, many coming for religious freedom but all with skills needed in those colonies. Pennsylvania was founded by Germans with steel-making skills that led to wagon production that opened the roads to transport and stimulated commerce among the colonies. The flow of ideas from Scotland and England led to the control of steam for powering vessels which further stimulated ocean commerce. Steel making in America was spurred by Andrew Carnegie, an immigrant Scotsman.

The International School of Bangkok was a unique school for Americans abroad often dependent schools are located on military bases and closely associated with the American governmental functions. ISB is a Thai-entity with a multi-national board of directors. The superintendent in 1964, was Dr. Carlisle Kramer, (importantly for me he was a reserve colonel in the USAFR), and the Principal of the Senior High School was Mr. Shelton Marlow, who cautioned me, "... never walk into class without full preparation ahead of time." These men knew me and my credentials including the recent Masters Degree in Public Administration. Based on that background I was teaching American History and in the second year I added United States Governments. Both summers, 1965 and 1966 I taught Summer School and in addition with Col. Kramer's help I won orders for active duty training with the United States Air Force. The first assignment was in August 1965 at Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines, where I wrote a staff study on the subversive threats within the Philippines. The second two week assignment in 1966 was at Headquarters MACTHAI, in Bangkok, developing guidelines for Americans now coming in increasing numbers into the Thai Society as the V-N War intensified.

(Continues...)

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Excerpted from Thailand Transformed: 1950-2012 by Culver S. Ladd Copyright © 2012 by Culver S. Ladd, Ph.D.. Excerpted by permission of AuthorHouse. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
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Table of Contents

Contents

Chapter I – Introduction to Development in Thailand....................1
Chapter II – Yanhee Multi-Purpose River Project – Thailand....................20
Chapter III – Is Thailand the Test Case?....................30
Chapter IV – A Return for University Development in Thailand....................56
Chapter V – Funding the University's Development....................67
Chapter VI – Thailand Stumbles, Recovers and Is Growing: Asia and the World Are Watching....................74
Chapter VII – The Land of Smiles is Back to Being the Land of Coups....................96
Chapter VIII – Basic Education Policies....................117
Chapter IX – Constitution Drafting....................121
Chapter X – Thailand's Political Drama....................128
Chapter XI – Thailand's Rocky Road Ahead....................132
Chapter XII – THAILAND: An On-Going Struggle for Democracy....................140
Chapter XIII – Moving Toward a Democratic Election....................172
Index....................193