Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Evolution of Textile Technology 1
1.2 Importance of the Textile Industry 4
1.3 Manufacturing Steps 5
1.4 Textile Products 9
1.5 References 12
2 Raw Materials 13
2.1 Natural Fibers 14
2.1.1 Plant-Derived Fibers 14
2.1.2 Animal Fibers 24
2.1.3 Mineral Fibers 31
2.2 Chemical Fibers 31
2.2.1 Manufacturing Processes 31
2.2.2 Chemical Fibers from Natural Polymers 36
2.2.3 Chemical Fibers from Synthetic Polymers 47
2.2.4 Chemical Fibers from Inorganic Raw Materials 52
2.2.5 Further Processing 54
2.3 Examples 62
2.4 References 69
3 Principles and Machinery for Yarn Production 74
3.1 Cotton Spinning 74
3.1.1 Spinning Preparation Machines 77
3.1.2 Combing Room 86
3.1.3 Ring Spinning Process 88
3.1.4 Nonconventional Spinning Principles 93
3.2 Worsted Yarn Spinning 100
3.3 Mock-Worsted Spinning 106
3.4 Carded Woolen Spinning 107
3.5 Development Trends 110
3.6 Fineness Measurements of Fibers and Yarns 112
3.7 Summary of the Measurement Systems 115
3.8 Examples 117
3.9 References 118
4 Principles and Machinery for Production of Woven Fabrics 124
4.1 Production Principles 124
4.2 Preparation for Weaving 125
4.2.1 Winding 125
4.2.2 Twisting 127
4.2.3 Preparation of the Warp Beam 128
4.2.4 Warping 129
4.2.5 Section Warping 129
4.2.6 Sizing 129
4.3 Construction of Woven Fabrics 130
4.3.1 Basic Weave Patterns 131
4.3.2 Special Weaving Techniques 132
4.4 Design and Principle of Weaving Looms 134
4.5 Development Trends 141
4.6 Examples 142
4.7 References 147
5 Processes and Machines for Knitwear Production 152
5.1 Stitch Formation 152
5.2 Machines for Stitch Formation 156
5.2.1 KnittingMachines 156
5.2.2 Warp-Knitting Machines 160
5.3 Development Trends 163
5.4 Examples 164
5.5 References 165
6 Processes and Machines for Nonwoven Production 167
6.1 Processes and Machines 168
6.1.1 Processes of Web Formation 169
6.1.2 Web Bonding Processes 174
6.1.3 Finishing 180
6.2 Applications 182
6.3 Development Trends 184
6.4 Examples 186
6.5 References 187
7 Braiding Processes and Machines 188
7.1 Braiding Process 189
7.1.1 Conventional Braiding Processes 189
7.1.2 Process for the Production of 3D Braids 191
7.2 Division of Braids 199
7.3 Development Trends 201
7.4 References 202
8 Processes and Machines for the Production of Two-Dimensional Reinforcing Fabrics with Multiaxial Construction 205
8.1 Warp-Knitted Multiaxial Fabrics (MAG) 205
8.1.1 From Warp-Knitted Fabrics to MAG 205
8.1.2 Production and Characteristics of MAG 207
8.1.3 Unconventional Use of the LIBA Technology 209
8.2 Malimo Stitch Bonding Technology 210
8.2.1 The Stitch Warp-Knitted Fabric 210
8.2.2 Multiaxial Stitch Bonded Fabrics 211
8.2.3 Variable Stitch Bonded Multi-Ply Fabrics (NVG) 211
8.3 Development Trends 213
8.4 References 213
9 Processes and Machines for Textile Finishing 216
9.1 Pretreatment 216
9.1.1 Dry Pretreatment 217
9.1.2 Wet Pretreatment 218
9.1.3 Fiber-Specific Processes 222
9.2 Drying 227
9.3 Coloration 229
9.3.1 Dyeing 229
9.3.2 Printing 232
9.4 Appret 234
9.4.1 Chemical Appret 236
9.4.2 Mechanical Finishing 236
9.4.3 Thermal Finishing 237
9.5 Coating 237
9.6 Development Trends 238
9.7 Examples 239
9.8 References 241
10 Processes and Machines for Clothing Manufacture 243
10.1 Separation 244
10.2 Processes of Joining 248
10.2.1 Sewing 248
10.2.2 Bonding and Setting 256
10.2.3 Welding 257
10.3 Forming 258
10.4 Automation 259
10.5 Development Trends 262
10.6 Examples 262
10.7 References 263
11 Technical Textiles 266
11.1 Definitions of Technical Textiles 266
11.2 Examples of Technical Textiles 267
11.2.1 Fiber-Reinforced Material 267
11.2.2 Protective Textiles (Mobiltech, Protech) 271
11.2.3 Textiles for Civil Engineering (Buildtech) 275
11.2.4 Geotextiles (Geotech) 279
11.2.5 Medical Textiles (Medtech) 287
11.3 Development Trends 291
11.4 References 292
12 Disposal and Recycling of Textiles 296
12.1 Circulation of Material in the Textile Industry 296
12.1.1 Life Cycle of a Product 296
12.1.2 "Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz" (Economic Cycle and Waste Law) 301
12.2 Examples of Recycling 302
12.2.1 Production Waste 302
12.2.2 Apparel 302
12.2.3 Carpeting 304
12.2.4 Automobile Textiles 305
12.2.5 Processing and Treatment of Reprocessed Fibers 307
12.3 Development Trends 311
12.4 Examples 312
12.4.1 Jeans 312
12.4.2 Carpets 312
12.4.3 Airbags 312
12.5 References 313
Index 315
