Table of Contents
List of Videos ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Mobilizing Visible Learning for Literacy 7
Visible Learning for Literacy 10
Components of Effective Literacy Learning 10
Adolescent Literacy: Reading 12
Adolescent Literacy: Writing 13
Knowledge of How Students Learn 13
Developmental View of Learning 13
Meaningful Experiences and Social Interaction 14
Surface, Deep, and Transfer of Learning 14
What Students Need 16
Scheduling Instructional Time 18
Spotlight on Three Teachers 20
Conclusion 23
Chapter 2 Teacher Clarity 25
Understanding Expectations in Standards 27
Learning Intentions in Literacy 29
Student Ownership of Learning Intentions 31
Connecting Learning Intentions to Prior Knowledge 32
Make Learning Intentions Inviting and Engaging 33
Social Learning Intentions 35
Success Criteria in Literacy 38
Success Criteria Are Crucial for Motivation 38
Conclusion 44
Chapter 3 Deliberate and Direct Teaching 45
Relevance 51
Teacher Modeling 53
Pair With Think-Alouds 53
The "I" and "Why" of Think-Alouds 54
Students Should Think Aloud, Too 57
Checking for Understanding 61
Use Questions to Probe Student Thinking 63
Guided Instruction 65
Formative Evaluation During Guided Instruction 66
Independent Learning 67
Fluency Building 67
Application 68
Spiral Review 68
Extension 68
Closure 69
Conclusion 70
Chapter 4 Teacher Led Dialogic Instruction 72
Effective Talk, Not Just Any Talk 74
Foster Deep Learning and Transfer 76
Listen Carefully 77
Facilitate and Guide Discussion 78
Teacher-Led Toots for Dialogic Instruction 79
Anticipation Guides 79
Pinwheel Discussions 82
Opinion Stations 83
Close and Critical Reading 86
Scaffolded Reading With Small Groups 91
Conclusion 96
Chapter 5 Student-Led Dialogic Learning 97
The Value of Student-to-Student Discussion 98
The Social and Behavioral Benefits of Peer-Assisted Learning 99
Fostering Collaborative Discussions 101
Teach Students to Develop Their Own Questions 104
Student-Led Tools for Dialogic Learning 106
Fishbowl 106
Gallery Walks 111
Book Clubs 115
Readers Theatre 116
Reciprocal Teaching 118
Peer Tutoring 121
Conclusion 123
Chapter 6 Independent Learning 125
Finding Flow 128
Independent Reading for Fluency and Knowledge Building 130
Independent Writing 135
Power Writing 135
Error Analysis 138
Extended Writing Prompts 139
Learning Words Independently 142
Independently Working With Words 145
Use Games to Foster Retention 148
Big Ideas About Independent Learning 148
Does It Promote Metacognition? 149
Does It Promote Goal Setting? 151
Does It Promote Self-Regulation? 152
Conclusion 153
Chapter 7 Tools to Use in Determining Literacy Impact 155
Do You Know Your Impact? 156
Do You Know Your Collective Impact? 158
Assessing Reading 160
Assessing Background Knowledge 160
Cloze Procedure 161
Vocabulary Matching Assessment 162
Assessing Reading Comprehension 163
Informal Reading Inventories 164
Reading Fluency 165
Metacomprehension Strategies Index (MSI) 167
Assessing Attitudes Toward Reading 168
Assessing Writing 169
Assessing Writing Fluency 170
Assessing Spelling 171
Assessing Writing Holistically 173
Literacy Design Collaborative Student Work Rubrics 174
Why Assess? Know Your Impact 175
Conclusion 175
Compendium of Assessments 177
Appendix Effect Sizes 197
References 202
Index 207
