Table of Contents
Introduction xi
1 Songs of the Immigrants and Songs in American History and Politics 1
Arrival 1
Songs of the Immigrants 2
Songs About the Immigrants 5
The Revolutionary War 7
The Postcolonial Era 9
The War of 1812 10
The Mexican War 11
The Period Before the Civil War 14
The Civil War 15
The Spanish-American War 16
World War I 17
Other Early Political Songs 19
2 Native American Music and Social Issues 21
The Inadvertent Host 21
Conquest and Removal 23
Nineteenth-Century Indian History 28
Indians in the Twentieth Century 33
Traditional Music 39
Twentieth-Century Music 40
Musical Fusions by Various Indian Artists 51
White Commentary on Indians 53
Indian Classical Music 60
The Business of Indian Music and a Look at the Future 61
3 African Americans 63
The Slave Trade 64
Early Music 64
The Development and Evolution of Slavery 68
Religion 68
The Civil War and Its Aftermath 72
The Period of Maximum Oppression: 1880-1914 73
Secular Folk Music 73
Minstrels, Ragtime, and Broadway 75
Birth and Evolution of the Blues 78
White Blues and White Audiences 89
World War II to the Sixties 94
Gospel Music 95
Pop and R&B 97
Motown and Stax Records 98
Soul 101
Jazz 104
Rap 109
Songs by White People About African Americans 123
Race: An Ongoing Issue 128
4 Women's Lives and Songs 131
The Role of Women 131
World War I and Women's Suffrage 135
Between the World Wars 137
The Fifties and Sixties 141
The British Invasion, the 1650 Broadway Songwriters, and Motown 143
Feminism and the Women's Movement 145
Enduring Women's Issues, from the Seventies On 153
Eighties and Nineties Ladies 157
The Nineties and Beyond 161
Women in Jazz 167
Women's Roles in Music 168
Songbook Analysis 169
The Music Industry and Women's Music 170
5 Protest Songs: Music as a Tool for Social Change 171
Joe Hill 174
Songs of the Miners and Textile Workers 175
Conservative Songs 177
Music and the Communist Party 178
The Radical Schools of the Thirties and Black Protest Music 180
The Spanish Civil War and Protest Music 181
Changes in American Life and the Union Movement 182
The Almanac Singers 184
Professional Protest 185
The Hitler-Stalin Peace Pact 186
Alan Lomax and Woody Guthrie 189
Leadbelly 193
Protest Music and Audiences 196
World War II and the Almanacs 197
Pete Seeger and People's Songs 198
Josh White 199
The Red Scares, the Election of 1948, and the End of People's Songs 200
The Weavers 202
The Effects of the Blacklist on Political Music 204
Folk-Pop Crossover 204
The Kingston Trio 205
Music and the Civil Rights Movement 207
Protest Singers of the Sixties 209
Protest Music Today 216
The Future of Protest Music 225
Why Folk Music? Then and Now 226
6 Spanish-Speaking Groups 231
The Southwest 231
Immigration 234
Political Militance 236
Mexican American Music 236
Evolution of Musical Style in Mexican American Music 243
Mexicans in Anglo Music 246
Puerto Rican Life and Music 247
Cuba and the Exodus 249
What's Going On: Chicano Consciousness and Music 253
Ry Cooder 262
7 Rock and Roll 265
Why Rock and Roll? 265
Rock and Roll History 266
"Rock Around the Clock" 269
Elvis and Sun Records 269
Rock and White Supremacy 271
Cover Records 273
"The Sound of Young America" 275
Politics of the Sixties 275
Peace, Love, Flowers, Drugs, and Music 276
Peace, Love, and Disillusionment 279
Disco 279
Punk 280
Hard Core 282
Straight Edge vs. Punk's Underbelly 283
Heavy Metal and Eighties Rock 284
Grunge 286
Jokers in the Deck 288
Mainstream Artists 289
Rage Against the Machine 290
Rock and Roll and Race 291
Women and Rock 293
Rock and Roll Today 294
8 The Music of Hate 295
Anti-African American Music 295
Neo-Nazi Music 297
9 The Two Gulf Wars, 9/11/2001, and Afghanistan 301
The Gulf War of 1991 301
9/11 304
The Second Gulf War 306
Iraq and Vietnam 313
10 Music and Social Change 315
Omissions 315
Music, Celebrity, and the Political Process 316
Situations Where Music Had Influence 318
Can Music Cause Social Change? 321
Bibliography and Discography 323
Index 349
