Synergistic Design of Sustainable Built Environments

by Chitrarekha Kabre

Overview

Synergistic Design of Sustainable Built Environments introduces and illustrates a novel systems approach that fosters both design excellence and a leap toward a more biocentric (ecologically sustainable) design paradigm. The book provides a deeper understanding of the theories and principles of biocentric design and offers detailed descriptions of the synergistic design process of integrating theories and principles into practice. It also presents extensive thermal and visual built environment design strategies, along with qualitative and quantitative information that designers can use to generate feasible solutions in response to varying climate and occupant comfort.

Features:

1. Examines the principles and practices of the synergistic design (a fusion of anthropocentric and biocentric) of sustainable built environments and how they relate to practical applications.
2. Presents climatic data and its analysis along with sun-path diagrams for numerous cities to aid in the design of sustainable built environments in multiple regional contexts.
3. Includes numerous case studies of sustainable built environments in varying climatic zones.
4. Explains how renewable energy (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydro, fuel cells) can be successfully integrated in the built environment.

This forward-thinking and highly illustrated book will be an invaluable reference to all those concerned with sustainable built environments and related architectural issues.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780367615741
Publisher:	CRC Press
Publication date:	06/01/2022
Pages:	420
Product dimensions:	7.00(w) x 10.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Prof. Dr. Chitrarekha Kabre earned her Doctorate in Architecture from the University of Queensland, Australia in 2008 (recipient of the Australian Development Cooperation Scholarship). In 1989 she received her degree of Master of Building Engineering & Management (recipient of gold medal) from the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (an institute of National Importance). In 1985 she received her degree of Bachelor of Architecture from the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal. She has 30 years of academic and professional experience in the field of computer aided architectural design, project management and sustainable architecture. She has developed courses on sustainable architecture at undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels. She introduced M. Tech. (construction & real estate management) an innovative program awarded by the University Grants Commission, Government of India. She has been the pioneer of sustainable architecture education and research at the eminent institutions like the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Manipal University and presently Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal (Sonepat). As Fulbright Visiting Professor, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA (2012) she contributed in pedagogy of sustainable architecture. She is an active member of the Society of Building Science Educators (SBSE) and recipient of Jeffrey Cook Memorial Scholarship in 2019. She has authored more than 36 research papers in international conferences and journals (Building & Environment and Architectural Science Review) and has served as a reviewer for the journals Building & Environment (Elsevier Science) and Indoor & Built Environment (Sage Publications). She is the author of the book ‘Sustainable Building Design: Application using Climatic Data in India’ published by Springer, Germany and the chief editor of the book ‘Energy Efficient Design of Buildings and Cities’ published by DCR University of Science & Technology, Murthal and Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (HSOWL), Detmold, Germany. She has an extensive citation index in Google Scholar. She is a life member of the International Association of Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA) and an International Associate of American Institute of Architects. She is also LEED^® Green Associate of US GBC. She is a certified professional as well as an evaluator (architect & construction management) of Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), a national green rating of India. She is the master trainer for the Energy Conservation Building Code administered by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India. Her biography is published in Marquis Who’s Who in the World, the United States, as one of the leading achievers.

Table of Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

About the Author xiii

List of Abbreviations xv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Built Environment 2

1.3 Climate-Responsive Architecture 2

1.4 Sustainable Development and Sustainability 7

1.5 Technological (High-Performance) Design Paradigm 9

1.5.1 Technical Approach 9

1.5.2 Regulatory Approach 10

1.5.3 Rating System Approach 12

1.6 Biocentric (Ecological) Design Paradigm 12

1.6.1 Ecological Theories 14

1.6.2 Life Cycle Assessment 16

1.6.3 Systems Approach 20

1.7 Synergistic Design 21

References 23

Chapter 2 Climate and Thermal Comfort 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Earth and Its Atmosphere 27

2.3 Solar Radiation 30

2.4 Global Climate 34

2.5 Climate and Its Classification 36

2.6 Elements of Climates 42

2.6.1 Temperature and Humidity 43

2.6.2 Cloud and Sunshine 44

2.6.3 Irradiation 46

2.6.4 Wind 47

2.6.5 Precipitation 47

2.7 Solar Geometry 47

2.8 Thermal Comfort 52

2.8.1 Thermal Balance of Human Body 52

2.8.2 Parameters of Thermal Comfort 53

2.8.3 Thermoregulation 55

2.8.4 Thermal Neutrality 55

2.9 Environmental Indices and Comfort Zone 57

2.10 Cooling and Heating Degree-Days 58

References 60

Chapter 3 Thermal Environment Design Strategies 63

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Passive Design Strategies 63

3.2.1 Bioclimatic Analysis 64

3.2.2 Passive Solar Heating 68

3.2.3 Passive Thermal Mass 71

3.2.4 Comfort Ventilation 72

3.2.5 Evaporative Cooling 74

3.3 Hybrid (Low Energy) Design Strategies 76

3.3.1 Earth-Sheltered Design 77

3.3.2 Solar Chimney 78

3.3.3 Night Flush Cooling 79

3.3.4 Passive Downdraft Cooling 80

3.3.5 Passive Radiant Cooling 81

3.4 Thermal Behavior of the Built Environment 83

3.4.1 Thermo-Physical Properties 84

3.4.2 Sol-Sir Temperature (T_sa) 86

3.4.3 Space Heating Requirements 91

3.4.4 Space Cooling Requirements 93

3.4.5 Dynamic Models 96

3.5 Energy-Efficient Active Design Strategies 100

3.5.1 Space Heating Systems 100

3.5.2 Mechanical Ventilation 107

3.5.3 Air Conditioning 109

3.5.4 Radiant Heating and Cooling with DOAS 115

3.6 Solar Control Design 117

3.6.1 High-Performance Glasses 119

3.6.2 External Shading Devices 120

References 128

Chapter 4 Luminous Environment Design Strategies 131

4.1 Introduction 131

4.2 Fundamental of Light 132

4.2.1 Physics of Light 132

4.2.1.1 Attributes of Light 132

4.2.1.2 Color of Light 133

4.2.1.3 Color of Surfaces 133

4.2.1.4 Transmission of Light 137

4.2.2 Vision 139

4.2.2.1 The Eye and Brain 140

4.2.2.2 Threshold Visual Performance 141

4.2.2.3 Lighting Requirements 142

4.2.2.4 Glare 143

4.2.3 Daylight Availability 143

4.2.3.1 Sky Conditions 144

4.3 Daylighting Design Strategies 146

4.3.1 Side Lighting 146

4.3.2 Top Lighting 149

4.3.3 Light-Guiding System 150

4.3.3.1 Light Shelf 150

4.3.3.2 Light-Guiding Shades 152

4.3.3.3 Prismatic Panel 152

4.3.3.4 Light-Guiding Glass 153

4.3.3.5 Laser-Cut Panel 154

4.3.3.6 Anidolic Ceiling 154

4.3.3.7 Anidolic Zenithal Openings 156

4.3.3.8 Anidolic Solar Blinds 156

4.3.3.9 Zenithal Light-Guiding Glass with Holographic Optical Elements 157

4.3.4 Light Transmission System 157

4.4 Daylight Prediction Methods 161

4.4.1 IESNA Lumen Method 162

4.4.2 Daylight Factor Method 163

4.4.3 Computer Modeling 164

4.4.4 Climate-Based Daylight Modeling (CBDM) 165

4.4.5 Physical Modeling 168

4.5 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 169

4.5.1 Electric Lighting Control 169

References 170

Chapter 5 Renewable Energy 173

5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 Energy 174

5.2.1 Forms of Energy 174

5.2.2 Sources of Energy 176

5.2.3 Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems 177

5.2.4 Plug Load 178

5.3 Solar Energy 178

5.3.1 Solar Thermal Systems 179

5.3.2 Photovoltaic Systems 183

5.4 Wind Energy 190

5.4.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) 191

5.4.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) 195

5.5 Other Renewables 196

5.5.1 Biomass 196

5.5.2 Geotheramal Energy 200

5.5.3 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell 203

5.5.4 Hydropower 208

5.6 Energy Storage and Smart Grid 211

5.6.1 Electrochemical Storage 213

5.6.2 Mechanical Storage 213

5.6.3 Chemical Storage 213

5.6.4 Phase Change Materials 214

5.6.5 Smart Grid 215

References 218

Chapter 6 Design Case Studies 219

6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 219

6.2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Daniel K. Inouye Regional Center, Honolulu, Hawaii (Zone 1A Very Hot Humid, COTE 2017) 220

6.2.1 Design Intentions 220

6.2.2 Climate and Site 221

6.2.3 Daylight and Thermal Design 224

6.2.4 Energy Systems 228

6.2.5 Sustainable Thinking 229

6.3 Stanford University Central Energy Facility, Stanford (Zone 3C Warm Marine, COTE 2017) 231

6.3.1 Design Intentions 231

6.3.2 Climate and Site 232

6.3.3 Daylight and Thermal Design 239

6.3.4 Energy Systems 241

6.3.5 Sustainable Thinking 244

6.4 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt (EGWW) Federal Building, Portland (Zone 4C Mixed Marine, COTE 2016) 246

6.4.1 Design Intentions 246

6.4.2 Climate and Site 248

6.4.3 Daylight and Thermal Design 249

6.4.4 Energy Systems 252

6.4.5 Sustainable Thinking 255

6.5 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado (Zone 5B Cool Dry, COTE 2011) 258

6.5.1 Design Intentions 258

6.5.2 Climate and Site 259

6.5.3 Daylight and Thermal Design 265

6.5.4 Energy Systems 268

6.5.5 Sustainable Thinking 272

6.6 University of Wyoming - Visual Arts Facility, Laramie, Wyoming (Zone 6B - Cold Dry, COTE 2016) 272

6.6.1 Design Intentions 272

6.6.2 Climate and Site 275

6.6.3 Daylight and Thermal Design 280

6.6.4 Energy Systems 281

6.6.5 Sustainable Thinking 283

References 286

Chapter 7 Climate Data and Sun-Path Diagrams 289

7.1 Introduction 289

References 392

Index 393