Table of Contents
Working Scientifically
How science works 10
Taking measurements 12
Working with variables 13
Scientific models 14
Questions in science 15
Benefits and risks of science 16
Finding the average 17
Presenting data 18
Scientific progress 20
Scientific units 22
Working safely 23
What is Life?
Characteristics of life 25
Classification of species 26
Kingdoms of life 27
Body organization 28
Organ systems 29
Vertebrates 30
Invertebrates 31
Plants 32
Evolutionary trees 33
Identification keys 34
Cells
Animal cells 36
Plant cells 37
Single-celled organisms 38
Bacteria 39
Microscopes 40
Using a microscope 41
Stem cells 42
Mitosis 44
Meiosis 46
Binary fission 47
Culturing bacteria 48
Effect of antibiotics and antiseptics 49
Transport and Cells
Diffusion 51
Osmosis 52
Investigating osmosis 54
Active transport 56
Surface area and volume 57
Exchange and transport 58
Respiration
Respiration 60
Investigating the rate of respiration 62
Aerobic respiration 63
Anaerobic respiration 64
Enzymes
Enzymes 67
Enzymes and temperature 68
Enzymes and pH 69
Enzymes and substrates 70
Enzymes in industry 71
Investigating enzymes 72
Metabolism 74
Nutrition in Plants
Photosynthesis 76
Leaves 77
Stomata 78
Plants and glucose 79
Plant nutrients 80
Adapting to extreme environments 81
Investigating photosynthesis 82
Rate of photosynthesis 84
Measuring the rate of photosynthesis 86
Inverse square law 88
Greenhouse farming 89
Nutrition in Humans
Nutrients 91
Vitamins and minerals 92
Measuring energy in food 93
Balanced eating 94
Food tests 96
Digestive system 98
Digestive enzymes 100
Absorption of food 102
Transport in Plants
Transport system 104
Transpiration 106
Plant roots 107
Rate of transpiration 108
Measuring transpiration 109
Transport in Animals
Circulatory system 111
Bloodvessels 112
Structure of blood vessels 113
Blood 114
The heart 115
How the heart works 116
Heart rate 117
Changing heart rate 118
Lymphatic system 119
The lungs 120
Breathing 122
Effects of exercise on breathing 123
Nervous System
Stimulus and response 125
Nervous system 126
Neurons 127
Synapses 128
Reflex arc 129
Measuring reaction time 130
The brain 131
Nervous system damage 133
The eye 134
Seeing 135
Nearsightedness 136
Farsightedness 137
Astigmation 138
The ear 139
Tempearture control 140
Hormones
The endocrine system 142
Homeostasis 143
Insulin and glucagon 144
Diabetes 145
The kidneys 146
Puberty in males 148
Puberty in females 149
The menstrual cycle 150
Contraceptives 152
Fertility treatment 153
Adrenaline 154
Thyroxine 155
Plant hormones 156
Using plant hormones 157
Effect of light on seedlings 158
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction 160
Asexual reproduction 161
Flowers 162
Wind pollination 163
Fruit 164
Seed dispersal 165
Seeds 166
Factors that affect germination 167
Asexual reproduction in plants 168
Life cycle of insects 169
Life cycle of amphibians 170
Life cycle of birds 171
Life cycle of mammals 172
Male reproductive system 173
Female reproductive system 174
Human fertilization 175
Pregnancy 176
Childbirth 178
Genetics and Biotechnology
Genome 180
Human Genome Project 182
Structure of DNA 183
Protein synthesis 1 184
Protein synthesis 2 185
Mutations 186
Genes and alleles 187
Genetic crosses 188
Codominance 190
Mendel's work 192
Blood groups 194
Inherited disorders 195
Genetic testing 196
Sex determination 197
Sex linkage 198
Cloning animals 199
Genetic engineering 200
Cloning plants 202
Industrial fermentation 203
Evolution
Variation 205
Continuous and discontinuous variation 206
Darwin and Wallace 207
Evolution 208
Fossils 210
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 211
Selective breeding 212
Speciation 213
Extinction 214
Ecology
Ecology 216
Interdependence 217
Classifying feeding 218
Food webs 219
Decomposers 220
Abiotic factors 221
Biotic factors 222
Predator-prey cycles 223
Social behavior 224
Energy transfers 225
Pyramids of biomass 226
Drawing pyramids of biomass 227
Abundance 228
Carrying capacity 229
Distribution of oragnisms 230
The water cycle 231
The carbon cycle 232
The nitrogen cycle 233
Humans and the Environment
Human population growth 235
Need for resources 236
Biodiversity 237
Global warming 238
Climate change 239
Changing ecosystems 240
Changing distributions 241
Carbon sinks 242
Introduced species 243
Water pollution 244
Land pollution 245
Air pollution 246
Conservation 247
Food security 248
Food production and sustainability 249
Farming methods 250
Biofuels 251
Health
Health and disease 253
Effects of lifestyle on disease 254
Heart disease 255
Heart surgery 256
Pathogens 257
Transmissible diseases 258
Viruses 259
Viral diseases 260
Bacaterial diseases 261
Protectist and fungal diseases 262
Body barriers 263
Phagocytes 264
Lymphocytes 265
Long-term immunity 266
Vaccination 267
Monoclonal antibiodies 268
Cancer 269
Drugs 270
Testing drugs 271
Pests and plants 272
Plant defenses 273
Glossary 274
Index 282
