| Preface | ix |
| Dedication and Acknowledgments | xv |
1 | Sexual Selection and Sperm Competition | 1 |
1.1 | Sexual Selection | 1 |
1.2 | Sexual Differences and the Evolution of Anisogamy | 5 |
1.3 | Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection | 10 |
1.4 | Summary | 20 |
2 | Sperm Utilization: Concepts, Patterns, and Processes | 22 |
2.1 | Introduction | 22 |
2.2 | Classification and Definition of Terms Used in the Sperm Competition Literature | 23 |
2.3 | Quantifying Paternity | 29 |
2.4 | Patterns of Sperm Utilization: An Overview | 37 |
2.5 | Mechanisms | 40 |
2.6 | Sperm Utilization and Multiple Mating | 53 |
2.7 | Sperm Utilization in Natural Populations | 55 |
2.8 | Mechanisms and the Potential for Selection | 56 |
2.9 | Summary | 60 |
3 | Avoidance of Sperm Competition I: Morphological Adaptations | 69 |
3.1 | Introduction | 69 |
3.2 | Internal Fertilization | 69 |
3.3 | Sperm Removal and Repositioning | 70 |
3.4 | Alternative Explanations for Complex Genitalia | 82 |
3.5 | Summary | 89 |
4 | Avoidance of Sperm Competition II: Physiological Adaptations | 91 |
4.1 | Introduction | 91 |
4.2 | Mating Plugs | 97 |
4.3 | Seminal Products | 114 |
4.4 | Pheromones | 141 |
4.5 | Summary | 142 |
5 | Avoidance of Sperm Competition III: Behavioral Adaptations | 144 |
5.1 | Introduction | 144 |
5.2 | Theoretical Models of Mate Guarding | 146 |
5.3 | Evidence for Mate Guarding in Insects | 149 |
5.4 | Alternative Hypotheses | 168 |
5.5 | Adaptations for Efficient Guarding | 179 |
5.6 | Male Mate Choice | 183 |
5.7 | Summary | 186 |
6 | Copula Duration | 198 |
6.1 | Introduction | 198 |
6.2 | Sperm Displacement: Optimal Copula Duration in Dung Flies | 202 |
6.3 | Copula Duration with Sperm Mixing | 212 |
6.4 | Evidence Consistent with an Optimization of Copula Duration | 213 |
6.5 | Female Influences | 218 |
6.6 | Alternative Explanations | 220 |
6.7 | Summary | 221 |
7 | Sperm in Competition I: Strategic Ejaculation | 223 |
7.1 | Introduction | 223 |
7.2 | Sperm Competition Games | 227 |
7.3 | Cryptic Male Choice | 245 |
7.4 | Cryptic Female Choice | 247 |
7.5 | Summary | 249 |
8 | Sperm in Competition II: Sperm Morphology | 250 |
8.1 | Introduction | 250 |
8.2 | Sperm Size | 252 |
8.3 | Sperm Polymorphism | 263 |
8.4 | Intraejaculate Sperm Competition | 274 |
8.5 | Summary | 275 |
9 | Ejaculate Manipulation: Mechanisms of Female Choice | 277 |
9.1 | Introduction | 277 |
9.2 | Influence over Remating | 279 |
9.3 | Influence over Sperm Transfer | 282 |
9.4 | Influence over Sperm Storage | 288 |
9.5 | Sperm Selection | 299 |
9.6 | Summary | 317 |
10 | Social Insects | 319 |
10.1 | Introduction | 319 |
10.2 | Multiple Mating and Multiple Paternity | 320 |
10.3 | Social Consequences of Sperm Competition | 325 |
10.4 | Alternative Hypotheses for Multiple Mating | 334 |
10.5 | Summary | 341 |
11 | Broader Significance | 349 |
11.1 | Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection | 349 |
11.2 | Life History Evolution | 350 |
11.3 | Speciation | 354 |
11.4 | Concluding Remarks | 356 |
| References | 357 |
| Taxonomic Index | 427 |
| Subject Index | 432 |