Solar Heating Systems for Houses: A Design Handbook for Solar Combisystems / Edition 1

by Werner Weiss

Overview

The use of solar collectors for domestic hot water over the past 20 years has demonstrated that solar heating systems are now founded on a reliable and mature technology. However, the development of similar, but more complex, systems to provide both domestic hot water and space heating (solar combisystems) resulted in a diverse range of different designs that were not carefully optimized to reflect local climate and practice. Application of energy-efficient building strategies such as improved thermal insulation and use of low temperature heat supply systems is becoming increasingly common. This trend, combined with growing environmental awareness and the subsidies available in certain countries, favours an increase in market share for solar combisystems. The need for guidelines in selecting the appropriate system and designing this system according to the specific needs of the building and the local environment is therefore now increasingly pressing. This book fills that need.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780367394882
Publisher:	Taylor & Francis
Publication date:	10/23/2019
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	344
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d)

Table of Contents

Preface Werner Weiss xi

1 Solar combisystems and the global energy challenge Werner Weiss 1

1.1 Towards a sustainable energy future 1

1.2 The contribution of solar thermal energy to the overall heat demand in Europe 3

1.2.1 Collector area in operation in the year 2000 in Europe 3

1.2.2 Current and medium-term energy supply from solar heating systems 5

1.3 Solar combisystems - a promising solution 6

References 9

2 The solar resource Wolfgang Streicher 10

2.1 Solar radiation and ambient temperature 10

2.2 Availability of climatic data 15

2.2.1 Test Reference Years 15

2.2.2 Weather data generators 16

References 16

Internet sites for climatic data 16

3 Heat demand of buildings Wolfgang Streicher 17

3.1 Thermal quality of buildings 17

3.2 The reference buildings of Task 26 20

3.3 Space heating demand 22

3.4 Hot water consumption Ulrike Jordan Klaus Vajen 28

3.4.1 DHW load profiles on a 1 minute timescale 29

3.4.2 DHW load profiles on a 6 minute timescale 33

3.4.3 DHW load profiles on an hourly timescale 35

3.4.4 Final remarks 35

References 36

4 Generic solar combisystems 38

4.1 Basic features of solar combisystems - a short summary Jean-Marc Suter 38

4.1.1 Comparison of combisystems with solar water heaters 38

4.1.2 Stratification in water storage devices 39

4.2 Classification of solar combisystems Jean-Marc Suter 41

4.3 The generic solar combisystems considered Jean-Marc Suter 43

4.4 Technical description of the generic systems Thomas Letz Jean-Marc Suter 48

4.4.1 General remarks 48

4.4.2 The symbols used 49

4.4.3 System #1: basic direct solar floor (France) 51

4.4.4 System #2: heat exchanger between collector loop and space heating loop (Denmark) 53

4.4.5 System #3a: advanced direct solar floor (France) 55

4.4.6 System #4: DHW tank as a space heating storage device (Denmark and the Netherlands) 57

4.4.7 System #5: DHW tank as space heating storage device with drainback capability (the Netherlands) 59

4.4.8 System #6: heat storage in DHW tank and in collector drainback tank (the Netherlands) 61

4.4.9 System #7: space heating store with a single load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Finland) 62

4.4.10 System #8: space heating store with double load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Switzerland) 64

4.4.11 System #9: small DHW tank in space heating tank (Switzerland, Austria and Norway) 66

4.4.12 System #10: advanced small DHW tank in space heating tank (Switzerland) 69

4.4.13 System #11: space heating store with DHW load-side heat exchanger) and external auxiliary boiler (Finland and Sweden) 71

4.4.14 System #12: space heating store with DHW load-side heat exchanger(s) and external auxiliary boiler (advanced version) (Sweden) 73

4.4.15 System #13: two stores (series) (Austria) 75

4.4.16 System #14: two stores (parallel) (Austria) 77

4.4.17 System #15: two stratifiers in a space heating storage tank with an external load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Germany) 79

4.4.18 System #16: conical stratifer in space heating store with load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Germany) 81

4.4.19 System #17: tank open to the atmosphere with three heat exchangers (Germany) 81

4.4.20 System #18: finned-tube load-side DHW heat exchanger in stratifier (Germany) 85

4.4.21 System #19: centralized heat production, distributed heat load, stratified storage (Austria) 87

4.4.22 Large systems for seasonal heat storage 90

Reference 92

5 Building-related aspects of solar combisystems 93

5.1 Space requirements Peter Kovács Werner Weiss 93

5.1.1 Is a low space requirement always desirable? 93

5.1.2 How to achieve a low space requirement? 94

5.1.3 Space requirements of the 20 generic combisystems 95

5.2 Architectural integration of collector arrays Irene Bergmann Michaela Meir John Rekstad Werner Weiss 99

5.2.1 Roof integration 101

5.2.2 Façade integration 107

5.2.3 Aesthetic aspects 119

5.2.4 Project planning and boiler room 122

References 123

Further reading 124

6 Performance of solar combisystems Ulrike Jordan Klaus Vajen Wolfgang Streicher 125

6.1 Reference conditions 125

6.1.1 Boiler parameters 126

6.1.2 Collector parameters 128

6.1.3 Pipe parameters 128

6.1.4 Storage parameters 129

6.1.5 Electricity consumption of system components 130

6.1.6 Combined total energy consumption 134

6.2 Fractional energy savings 135

6.2.1 Target functions 136

6.2.2 Penalty functions 137

6.3 Combisystems characterization Thomas Letz 141

6.3.1 FSC method 141

6.3.2 Cost analysis 154

References 162

7 Durability and reliability of solar combisystems Jean-Marc Suter Peter Kovács 163

7.1 General considerations 163

7.1.1 Durable materials 163

7.1.2 Reliable components and systems 165

7.1.3 Quantitative assessment of system reliability Peter Kovács 168

7.2 Stagnation behaviour Jean-Marc Suter 171

7.2.1 Stagnation in solar combisystems 171

7.2.2 Stagnation in pressurized collector loops with expansion vessels Robert Hausner 173

7.2.3 Drainback technology Huib Visser Markus Peter 182

References 189

8 Dimensioning of solar combisystems Chris Bales Wolfgang Streicher Thomas Letz Bengt Perers 191

8.1 Dimensioning guidelines Wolfgang Streicher Chris Bales Thomas Letz 192

8.1.1 Collector slope and orientation 192

8.1.2 Collector and store size 194

8.1.3 Climate and load 197

8.1.4 The boiler and the annual energy balance 198

8.1.5 Design of the heat store 201

8.1.6 Design of the collector circuit 206

8.2 Planning and design tools Chris Bales Thomas Letz Bengt Perers 208

8.2.1 The Task 26 nomogram 211

8.2.2 The Task 26 design tool 213

8.3 Simulation of system performance Chris Bales 218

8.3.1 TRNSYS simulations 219

8.3.2 Simulation of Task 26 systems 220

8.4 Numerical models for solar combisystems Chris Bales Bengt Perers 222

8.4.1 Models used in Task 26 223

8.4.2 Parameter identification and verification 229

References 230

Simulation programs 230

9 Built examples 231

9.1 Single-family house, Wildon, Austria 231

9.2 The Gneis-Moos Housing Estate, Salzburg, Austria 234

9.3 Single-family house, Koege, Denmark 237

9.4 Multi-family house, Evessen, Germany 239

9.5 Multi-family house with office, Frankfurt/Main, Germany 243

9.6 Single-family house, Cölbe, Germany 246

9.7 Factory-made systems, Dordrecht, the Netherlands 248

9.8 Single-family house, Saint Baldoph, France 251

9.9 Single-family house, Saint Alban Leysse, France 254

9.10 Single-family house, Falun, Sweden 257

9.11 Single-family house, Örebro, Sweden 260

9.12 Single-family house, Dombresson, Switzerland 263

9.13 Single-family house, Buus, Switzerland 266

9.14 Single-family house, Oslo, Norway 269

9.15 Klosterenga Ecological Dwellings: multi-family house, Oslo, Norway 272

References 276

10 Testing and certification of solar combisystems Harold Drück Huib Visser 277

10.1 European standards 277

10.1.1 Classification of solar heating systems 278

10.1.2 Current status of the European standards 279

10.2 Testing of solar thermal components 280

10.2.1 Collectors 280

10.2.2 Testing of hot water stores 281

10.3 Testing of solar heating systems 282

10.3.1 The CSTG test method 283

10.3.2 The DST method 283

10.3.3 The CTSS method 284

10.3.4 The DC and the CCT methods 284

10.4 Certification of solar heating systems 286

References 287

Appendix 1 Reference library: Compiled Peter Kovács 289

A1.1 Contents of the reference library sorted by author 289

Appendix 2 Vocabulary Jean-Marc Suter Ulrike Jordan Dagmar Jaehnig 296

A2.1 Terms and definitions 296

A2.2 Symbols and abbreviations 301

A2.3 Terms and definitions specific to Chapters 6 and 8 302

References 303

Appendix 3 IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme Werner Weiss 304

A3.1 Completed Tasks 305

A3.2 Completed Working Groups 305

A3.3 Current Tasks 305

A3.4 Current Working Group 306

Appendix 4 Task 26 Werner Weiss 307

A4.1 Participants 308

A4.2 Industry participants 309

Index 311