Snow Crystals: A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

A definitive new investigation of the science of snowflakes by the world’s leading expert

A snowflake’s sophisticated symmetry emerges when crystalline ice grows from water vapor within the winter clouds. While certain iconic snowflake shapes are visually familiar to us, microscopic close-ups of falling snow reveal a rich menagerie of lesser-known forms, including slender needle clusters, hollow columns, bullet rosettes, triangular crystals, and exotic capped columns. What explains the myriad and unusual structures of snowflakes that materialize under different atmospheric conditions? In Snow Crystals, Kenneth Libbrecht delves into the science of snowflakes, examining why ice crystals grow the way they do, how patterns emerge, and what they illuminate about the fundamental physics of crystal growth, structure formation, and self-assembly.

Libbrecht—the world’s foremost expert on snowflakes—describes the full range of physical processes underlying their occurrence. He explores such topics as the centuries-long development of snow crystal science, the crystalline structure of ice, molecular dynamics at the ice surface, diffusion-limited growth, surface attachment kinetics, computational models of snow crystal growth, laboratory techniques for creating and studying snow crystals, different types of natural snowflakes, and photographing snow crystals. Throughout, Libbrecht’s extensive detailed discussions are accompanied by hundreds of beautiful full-color images.

From the molecular dynamics of surface premelting to the aerodynamics of falling snow, Snow Crystals chronicles the continuing quest to fully understand this fascinating phenomenon.

1139308036
Snow Crystals: A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

A definitive new investigation of the science of snowflakes by the world’s leading expert

A snowflake’s sophisticated symmetry emerges when crystalline ice grows from water vapor within the winter clouds. While certain iconic snowflake shapes are visually familiar to us, microscopic close-ups of falling snow reveal a rich menagerie of lesser-known forms, including slender needle clusters, hollow columns, bullet rosettes, triangular crystals, and exotic capped columns. What explains the myriad and unusual structures of snowflakes that materialize under different atmospheric conditions? In Snow Crystals, Kenneth Libbrecht delves into the science of snowflakes, examining why ice crystals grow the way they do, how patterns emerge, and what they illuminate about the fundamental physics of crystal growth, structure formation, and self-assembly.

Libbrecht—the world’s foremost expert on snowflakes—describes the full range of physical processes underlying their occurrence. He explores such topics as the centuries-long development of snow crystal science, the crystalline structure of ice, molecular dynamics at the ice surface, diffusion-limited growth, surface attachment kinetics, computational models of snow crystal growth, laboratory techniques for creating and studying snow crystals, different types of natural snowflakes, and photographing snow crystals. Throughout, Libbrecht’s extensive detailed discussions are accompanied by hundreds of beautiful full-color images.

From the molecular dynamics of surface premelting to the aerodynamics of falling snow, Snow Crystals chronicles the continuing quest to fully understand this fascinating phenomenon.

101.49 In Stock
Snow Crystals: A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

Snow Crystals: A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

by Kenneth G. Libbrecht
Snow Crystals: A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

Snow Crystals: A Case Study in Spontaneous Structure Formation

by Kenneth G. Libbrecht

eBook

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Overview

A definitive new investigation of the science of snowflakes by the world’s leading expert

A snowflake’s sophisticated symmetry emerges when crystalline ice grows from water vapor within the winter clouds. While certain iconic snowflake shapes are visually familiar to us, microscopic close-ups of falling snow reveal a rich menagerie of lesser-known forms, including slender needle clusters, hollow columns, bullet rosettes, triangular crystals, and exotic capped columns. What explains the myriad and unusual structures of snowflakes that materialize under different atmospheric conditions? In Snow Crystals, Kenneth Libbrecht delves into the science of snowflakes, examining why ice crystals grow the way they do, how patterns emerge, and what they illuminate about the fundamental physics of crystal growth, structure formation, and self-assembly.

Libbrecht—the world’s foremost expert on snowflakes—describes the full range of physical processes underlying their occurrence. He explores such topics as the centuries-long development of snow crystal science, the crystalline structure of ice, molecular dynamics at the ice surface, diffusion-limited growth, surface attachment kinetics, computational models of snow crystal growth, laboratory techniques for creating and studying snow crystals, different types of natural snowflakes, and photographing snow crystals. Throughout, Libbrecht’s extensive detailed discussions are accompanied by hundreds of beautiful full-color images.

From the molecular dynamics of surface premelting to the aerodynamics of falling snow, Snow Crystals chronicles the continuing quest to fully understand this fascinating phenomenon.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780691223629
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Publication date: 12/21/2021
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 456
File size: 251 MB
Note: This product may take a few minutes to download.

About the Author

Kenneth G. Libbrecht is professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology. His many books include The Snowflake: Winter’s Secret Beauty.

Table of Contents

Preface vii

1 Snow Crystal Science

Complex Symmetry 2

A Brief History of Snow Crystal Science 6

Twenty-First-Century Snowflakes 17

No Two Alike? 24

2 Ice Crystal Structure

Ice Crystallography 31

Surface Premelting 36

Ice Energetics 37

Molecular Dynamics Simulations 44

Surface Energy Considerations 45

Snow Crystal Twinning 48

3 Diffusion-Limited Growth

Faceting and Branching 60

Free Dendrites 64

Diffusion in Snow Crystal Growth 71

The Spherical Solution 74

Additional Analytic Solutions 79

Solvability Theory 80

Snow Crystal Aerodynamics 85

Order and Chaos 88

4 Attachment Kinetics

Ice Kinetics 112

Large-Facet Attachment Kinetics 116

Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics 123

Explaining the Nakaya Diagram 132

The Morphological Nexus at-5°C 135

Snow Crystal Cartography 141

Dislocation-Mediated Growth 141

Chemical Vapor Effects 143

5 Computational Snow Crystals

A Progression of Snow Crystal Models 148

Spherical Cellular Automata 159

Cylindrically Symmetric Cellular Automata 163

Three-Dimensional Cellular Automata 176

6 Laboratory Snow Crystals

Free-Fall Snow Crystals 185

Substrate Support 191

Levitation 196

Continuous Diffusion Chambers 198

Snow Crystal imaging 201

7 Simple Ice Prisms

Precision Ice Growth Measurements 209

A Tale of Two Experiments 214

Simple-Prism Convergence 231

8 Electric Ice Needles

Snowflake on a Stick 235

E-Needle Formation 240

An E-Needle Dual Diffusion Chamber 248

The Nakaya Diagram on E-Needles 254

Simplest E-Needle Growth 262

An Analysis Example: E-Needles at-15°C 264

E-Needle Vignettes 267

9 Designer Snow Crystals

The Plate-on-Pedestal Method 278

Illumination and Postprocessing 285

PoP Growth Behaviors 291

Identical-Twin Snow Crystals 302

PoP Art 306

10 Natural Snowflakes

Snowflake Watching 330

11 Snowflake Photography

Finding Snowflakes 389

Optics and Lenses 397

Illumination Matters 405

Appendix-List of Variables and Physical Constants 423

Bibliography 427

Index 437

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

"This tour de force is a comprehensive examination of the physics and beauty behind the incredible emergent richness of snowflakes. Filled with striking photographs, Snow Crystals presents a broad view that is interesting and pedagogically useful. I know of no other book quite like it."—Douglas Natelson, Rice University

"Although there are some general books on ice physics and crystal growth, there is not a great deal of work dedicated exclusively to examining the snowflake and snow crystal. This useful addition to the literature will be read and enjoyed, and people coming into the field will learn a lot from it."—Julyan Cartwright, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

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