Research Laboratory Safety / Edition 1 available in Paperback, eBook
Research Laboratory Safety / Edition 1
- ISBN-10:
- 3110444399
- ISBN-13:
- 9783110444391
- Pub. Date:
- 10/24/2016
- Publisher:
- De Gruyter
- ISBN-10:
- 3110444399
- ISBN-13:
- 9783110444391
- Pub. Date:
- 10/24/2016
- Publisher:
- De Gruyter
Research Laboratory Safety / Edition 1
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Overview
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9783110444391 |
---|---|
Publisher: | De Gruyter |
Publication date: | 10/24/2016 |
Series: | De Gruyter Textbook |
Edition description: | New Edition |
Pages: | 298 |
Product dimensions: | 6.69(w) x 9.45(h) x (d) |
Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Part I Introductory Material
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Accidents in the research laboratory 3
1.1.1 Vladimir Likhonos: eating explosives 3
1.1.2 Karen Wetterhahn: a deadly droplet 4
1.1.3 Michele Dufault: hair is a hazard 4
1.1.4 Louis Slotin: A slipped screwdriver 6
1.1.5 Preston Brown: Ignoring safety protocols 7
1.1.6 Sheri Sangji: a spontaneous fire 9
1.2 Factors contributing to laboratory accidents 9
1.2.1 Reason's Swiss cheese model 9
1.2.2 Accident "causes" 11
1.2.3 Unsafe conditions versus unsafe behavior 11
1.3 Hazards in the laboratory 13
1.3.1 Types of hazards 13
1.3.2 Main risks in laboratories 14
2 Ethical responsibilities 15
2.1 Who requires protection? 15
2.2 Ethical responsibility to others in the lab 16
2.3 Penalties for ethical violations 18
3 Assessing and controlling risk 20
3.1 Distinguishing hazard from risk 20
3.2 Simple methods for estimating risk 20
3.3 A semiquantitative method for risk estimation in the laboratory 22
3.4 Risk assessment exercises 25
4 Hazard and risk controls 26
4.1 The hazard control process 26
4.1.1 Hazard identification 26
4.1.2 Risk screening 27
4.1.3 Hazard analysis 28
4.1.4 Hazard control 28
4.2 Classifying hazard controls 29
4.2.1 Functional classification of hazard controls 29
4.2.2 Traditional hierarchy of controls 30
4.2.3 Creativity in hazard control 31
4.3 Exercises: Hazard control 31
Part II Hazard classes and control methods
5 Hazard identification methods 35
5.1 Brainstorming, mind-mapping, and other creative methods 35
5.2 Checklists 36
5.3 Reference books 36
5.4 Regulations and standards 37
5.5 Real-life hazard identification 38
5.6 Exercises: Hazard identification 39
6 Physical hazards 40
6.1 Mechanical hazards 40
6.1.1 Pinch points 40
6.1.2 Guards and interlocks for mechanical hazards 40
6.1.3 Shear points 42
6.1.4 Run-in points 43
6.1.5 Wrap points 45
6.1.6 Clobbering 47
6.2 Sharps 48
6.2.1 What is a sharp? 49
6.2.2 Sharps handling 49
6.2.3 Sharps disposal 50
6.3 Heat 52
6.3.1 Common laboratory sources of heat 52
6.3.2 Heat-protective apparel 53
6.3.3 Using torches, burners, and other open flames in the lab 54
6.4 Cold (including cryogen safety) 55
6.4.1 Common laboratory sources of low temperatures 56
6.4.2 Safe procedures for maintenance of refrigerators and freezers 56
6.4.3 Cryogenic temperatures 57
6.5 Pressure and vacuum 63
6.5.1 Compressed gases 63
6.6 Electricity and magnetism 73
6.6.1 Electricity 74
6.6.2 Magnetism 78
6.7 General environmental hazards 80
6.7.1 Trips, slips, and-falls 80
6.7.2 Lighting 81
6.7.3 Noise 81
6.7.4 Security hazards 81
6.8 Case study: Chemistry experiment 82
6.9 Exercises: Physical hazards 84
7 Chemical hazards 86
7.1 Routes of exposure to chemical hazards 86
7.2 Chemical properties contributing to hazard 86
7.2.1 Reactivity 86
7.2.2 Volatility 87
7.3 The chemical fume hood 87
7.4 General hazard classifications and precautions 90
7.4.1 Experimental protocols for chemical handling 90
7.4.2 Flammables and oxidizers 91
7.4.3 Corrosives 100
7.4.4 Toxics 104
7.4.5 Physical hazards from chemicals 110
7.4.6 Reactive chemicals 110
7.5 Communicating chemical hazards 113
7.5.1 NFPA 704 "fire diamond" 113
7.5.2 Transportation labeling 114
7.5.3 The Globally Harmonized System 115
7.5.4 The Safety Data Sheet 116
7.6 Case studies 118
7.6.1 Chemistry experiment 118
7.6.2 Biology experiment 121
7.7 Exercises: Chemical hazards 124
8 Biological hazards 125
8.1 Lab-acquired infections 125
8.2 Assessment of biological infection risk 126
8.2.1 Agent hazards 126
8.2.2 Laboratory procedure hazards 128
8.3 Biosafety levels 129
8.3.1 Biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) 129
8.3.2 Biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) 130
8.3.3 Biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) 130
8.3.4 Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) 132
8.4 Biological laboratory work practices 134
8.4.1 General laboratory practices 134
8.4.2 Personal protection 135
8.4.3 Pipetting, syringing, and other sample-transfer methods 135
8.4.4 Equipment use 136
8.4.5 Storage, inventory, and labeling 136
8.5 The biological safety cabinet 137
8.5.1 A BSC is not a chemical fume hood 139
8.5.2 The "laminar flow hood" or "clean air hood" is not a BSC 139
8.5.3 Using a BSC 141
8.6 Case studies 143
8.6.1 Biology experiment 143
8.6.2 Civil/environmental engineering experiment 145
8.7 Exercises: biological hazards 146
9 Raditation hazards 148
9.1 Ionizing radiation 148
9.1.1 Types of ionizing radiation 148
9.1.2 Sources of hazard from ionizing radiation 148
9.1.3 Control of ionizing radiation 151
9.2 Non-ionizing radiation 153
9.2.1 Ultraviolet radiation 153
9.2.2 Infrared radiation 154
9.2.3 Radiofrequency(RF) radiation 155
9.2.4 Laser light sources 156
9.3 Case studies 162
9.3.1 Chemical engineering experiment 162
9.3.2 Medical experiment 164
9.3.3 Exercises: radiation hazards 166
Part III Hazard analysis techniques
10 The checklist technique 171
10.1 Strengths, weaknesses, and suitability 171
10.2 Sources of checklists 171
10.3 Example checklist: Quick laboratory inspection 172
10.4 Evaluating recommendations from hazard analyses 175
10.5 Exercises: laboratory inspection 175
11 The Job Hazard Analysis technique (JHA) 176
11.1 Strengths, weaknesses, and suitability 176
11.2 Technique 176
11.3 Example JHA 178
11.4 Exercises: Job Hazard Analysis 178
12 The What-If? Technique 180
12.1 Strengths and weaknesses 180
12.2 Suitability 180
12.3 What-If? Technique 181
12.3.1 Scoping 181
12.3.2 Team assembly 183
12.3.3 What-If? 183
12.3.4 Causes 185
12.3.5 Consequences 185
12.3.6 Controls 186
12.3.7 Current risk 186
12.3.8 Recommendations 187
12.3.9 Revised risk 188
12.4 Example What-If? Study: Multi-axis press 188
12.4.1 Nodes 191
12.4.2 Team assembly 191
12.4.3 What-if #1: What if a hydraulic actuator fails? 191
12.4.4 What-if #2: What if a hydraulic line fails? 192
12.4.5 What-if #3: What if the hydraulic pump develops a leak? 193
12.5 Exercise: What-if? Technique 195
Part IV Practical applications of hazard control
13 Controlling hazards in a laboratory procedures using JHA 199
13.1 Reproducing a procedure from the literature 199
13.2 Exercises: Using procedures taken from a research paper 201
14 Evaluating risks in an experimental apparatus using What-if? Technique 202
14.1 Case study: What-if? technique 202
14.2 What-If? technique study on an experimental apparatus 206
15 Designing an experiment form scratch 207
15.1 Hazard controls are ex post facto solutions 207
15.2 The only set factor in an experiment is the objective 207
15.3 Inherently safer design principles 208
15.3.1 The history of ISD 208
15.3.2 ISD design principles 209
15.4 Case studies in laboratory ISD 210
15.4.1 Lab ISD case study: Impact testing of steel 210
15.4.2 Lab ISD case study: The "Rainbow Experiment" 211
15.5 Exercise: Inherently safer design of a hazardous experiment 212
Part V Appendices
16 Laboratory safety checklists (abbreviated) 215
17 Checklist reviews for common laboratory operation 223
17.1 Delivering gas from a compressed gas cylinder 223
17.2 Flame-seating a glass tube with an oxyacetylene torch 226
17.3 Using a biological safety cabinet 228
18 Writing experimental protocols and Standard operating procedures 230
18.1 Types of "SOP" 230
18.2 General advice on writing protocols 230
18.3 Writing protocols for hazardous materials handling 232
18.4 Writing protocols for experimental procedures 239
18.5 Writing protocols for use of hazardous equipment 242
19 Annotated bibliography of laboratory safety references 247
Reference 250
Index 257