Table of Contents
Foreword xv
About the Chapter Authors xvii
Editors xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
About the Companion Website xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Authors: Anita Kothari, Jo Rycroft-Malone, Chris McCutcheon, and Ian D. Graham
Background: What Is This Book About? 1
Focus of the Chapter: What Do We Mean by Research Coproduction? 4
Known from the Literature: Intellectual Origins and Historical Traditions 6
Scope of the Book 9
References 11
Chapter 2 Foundations of Research Coproduction 14
Chapter 2.1. Conceptualizing and Theorizing for Research Coproduction 14 Authors: Anne MacFarlane and Jonathan Salsberg
Introduction 15
Meaningful Participation 17
Theory and Theorizing 17
Theorizing about Research Coproduction 18 Enhancing Conceptual Clarity and Model Building 18 Utilizing Existing Concepts for New and Deeper Understanding 19
Participatory Implementation Research 21 Case study: Blending Implementation Theory with Research Coproduction Practice 22
Future Research 27
Conclusion 28
Acknowledgements 28
References 29
Chapter 2.2. Equity, Power, and Transformative Research Coproduction 34 Authors: Katrina Plamondon, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, and Sana Shahram
Introduction 35
Power Is the Central Research Coproduction Problem 36
What Is Known from the Literature? 40
Experiential Knowledge 43 Coproduction to Transform Organizations (Sume) 43 Coproduction to Transform Networks/Communities (Katrina) 44 Coproduction for Systems Transformation: The xac/qanaǂ ʔitkiniǂ Project (Sana) 44
Practice Implications 45
Future Research 48
Conclusion 49
References 50
Chapter 2.3. Effects, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction Reported in
Peer-Reviewed Literature 54 Authors: Katheryn M. Sibley, Femke Hoekstra, Anita Kothari, and Kelly Mrklas
Introduction 55 What Are Effects? What Are Facilitators and Barriers? 55 Understanding Research Coproduction – an Evolving Area of Study 55 Identifying Effects, Facilitators and Barriers – Our Approach 56
Effects of Research Coproduction 57 Effects on the Research Process 57 Effects on Relationships 63 Effects on Individuals 63 Effects on Research Results or Outputs 64 Effects on Practices or Programs 64 Effects on Communities 64 Effects on Policies and Systems 65
Facilitators and Barriers to Research Coproduction 65 Individual-Level Factors 66 Relationship Factors 67 Process Factors 67 System-Level Factors 68
Connecting Outcomes, Impacts, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction 68
Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 69
Limitations and Evidence Gaps 70
Future Research 70
Conclusion 71
References 71
Chapter 3 Working with Knowledge Users 74
Chapter 3.1 Working with Knowledge Users 74 Authors: Jo Cooke, Susan Mawson, and Susan Hampshaw
Introduction: Starting the Coproduction Journey 75
What Is the Focus of This Chapter? 75
Some Points from the Literature 75
Experience from the Field 77 Research Program Level: Setting Up a Programme Architecture that Can Enable Coproduction 77 Structure, Flexible Resources, and Engagement Processes to Provide Context for Coproduction 79 Setting Ground Rules: A Good Basis for Nurturing Productive Relationships 79 Planning Priority-setting, Action, and Impact from the Start and Throughout 80 Thinking of the Impact from the Beginning 80
Vignette One: The Co-design of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Doncaster. Coproduction in Local Government 81
Vignette Two: Research Coproduction with Industry: Digital Technology to Transform End of Life Care 84
Implications for Practice When Beginning the Coproduction Journey 87
Future Research 88
Conclusion 88
References 88
Chapter 3.2 Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 91 Authors: Claire Ludwig and Davina Banner
Introduction and Background 92
Who Is a “Patient?” 93
What Do We Know about Potential Benefits and Impacts of Research Coproduction with Patients? 95
Barriers and Facilitators to Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 96
Experiential Knowledge: Patient and Caregiver Partner Implications for Practice 98
Experiential Knowledge: Researcher Implications for Practice 100
Future Research 105
Conclusion 108
References 108
Chapter 3.3 Conducting a Research Coproduction Project: A Principles-Based Approach 112 Authors: Joe Langley, Sarah E. Knowles, and Vicky Ward
Introduction 113
Aim 1. Illustrating Why There Is No Research Coproduction ‘Method’ 114
Aim 2. Five Principles of Coproduction and Resources to Enact Them 116 Sharing Power 117 Including All Perspectives 118 Respecting and Valuing the Research Coproduction Partners 119 Reciprocity 120 Building Relationships 121
Aim 3. Research Coproduction in the Real World: Challenges and Ways Forward 122 Who to Work with 122 When to Collaborate 123 Institutional Power 124
Expectations of Health Services Research 125
Conclusion 126
References 127
Chapter 3.4 The View from Within: Organizational Strategies for Effective Research Partnerships 129 Authors: Sarah Bowen, Ian D. Graham, and Ingrid Botting
Background/Introduction 130
How Should Organizations Respond to Expectations of Research Partnership? 132 Before Beginning to Plan for “Research Partnerships:” Clarifying the Concepts of “Partnership” and “Research” 132 First Things First: Preparing to Become a Research Partner 134
Developing Shared Understanding 134
Determining Current Organizational Position 136
Assessing Organizational Readiness 139
Building a Strong Foundation 140
From Principles to Action – Next Steps in Developing Research Partnerships 142 Creating a Health System/Academic Interface 143 Embedding Research Capacity within the Organization 146
Planning for Implementation and Evaluation 146
Future Research 147
Conclusion 147
References 147
Chapter 3.5 Managing Academic-Health Service Partnerships 151 Authors: Alison M. Hutchinson, Cheyne Chalmers, Katrina Nankervis, and Nicole (Nikki) Phillips
Introduction 152
Background 153
How to Manage Partnerships During the Research Process 154 Experiential Knowledge of Managing a Partnership 156
How to Sustain Partnerships 159 Experiential Knowledge of Sustaining a Partnership 159
How to Assess the Sustainability of Partnerships 161 Assessing the Sustainability of Our Partnership 162
Barriers/Facilitators and Strategies to Overcome Them 163
Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 165
Future Research 165
Conclusion 166
References 166
Chapter 4 Grant-Writing, Dissemination, and Evaluation 169
Chapter 4.1 Writing a Research Coproduction Grant Proposal 169 Authors: Ian D. Graham, Chris McCutcheon, Jo Rycroft-Malone, and Anita Kothari
Background 170
So What Does It Take to Write a Successful Coproduction Research Grant Proposal? 171 General Advice on Writing a Grant Proposal 171 Coproduction Grant Proposal Writing Advice 173 Tips on Writing Coproduction Research Grant Proposals 179
Preconditions that Lead to a Successful Proposal Development – the Relationship and Preparatory Work 180 Proposal Elements 181 Tips for Researchers on Working with Knowledge Users During and After Proposal Writing 183 Tips for Knowledge Users Working with Researchers During and After Proposal Writing 185
Future Research 186
Conclusion 186
References 187
Appendix 4.1.A. CIHR advice on knowledgeuser letters of support – a quick reference 189
Appendix 4.1.B. Applicant and reviewer coproduction research proposal checklist 190
Chapter 4.2 Coproduced Dissemination 192 Authors: Chris McCutcheon, Anita Kothari, Ian D. Graham, and Jo Rycroft-Malone
Background 193
What Is Coproduced Dissemination? 193
Coproduced Dissemination: What Is Known from the Literature? 194 Compatibility of Coproduction and Dissemination 195 Knowledge Exchange 196 Guidance on Dissemination Planning 196 Judicious Knowledge Translation 197
Dissemination Planning at the Grant Proposal Stage 198
From Research to Dissemination 199
The Steps of Coproduced Dissemination Planning 200 Set Dissemination Goals 201 Assess Resources 201 Identify and Learn about Your Audience(s) 202 Develop Key Messages 203 Select Dissemination Strategies 203 Determine What Expertise Is Needed 204 Evaluate 204
Future Research 205
Conclusion 205
References 205
Chapter 4.3 Evaluating Coproduction Research: Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) 210 Authors: Robert K.D. McLean, Ian D. Graham, and Fred Carden
Introduction 211 Roadmap 212
Overview of the Research Evaluation Landscape 212 Research Evaluation at Large 213 Challenges for Research Coproduction Evaluation 214
Deliberative Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214
Analytic Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214
RIA Paradigm – Coproduction Limitations? 214
The Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach and the Novel Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 217 Three Tenets of the Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach 218
Tenet 1 – Context Matters 218
Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 218
Tenet 2 – Research Quality is Multi-dimensional 218
Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 219
Tenet 3 – Judgement of Research Quality Must Be Grounded in Empirical Evidence and Its Systematic and Transparent Appraisal 219 The Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 219 Contextual Factors 221
Knowledge Use Environment 221
Research Environment 221
Capacities for Coproduction 222 Quality Dimensions and Sub-Dimensions 222
Scientific Rigor 223
Research Legitimacy 224
Positioning for Use 225 Empirical Evidence and Systematic Appraisal 226 How, When, and By Whom Might RQ+ 4 Co-Pro Be Applied? 226
Putting the Framework Into Action 226 Field test 226 Join Us 229
References 229
Chapter 5 Capacity-Building and Infrastructure 233
Chapter 5.1 Researcher Coproduction Competencies and Incentives 233 Authors: Christopher R. Burton and Tone Elin Mekki
Introduction 234
Guiding Frameworks 234 Research Competence 235 Transferable Skills 235 Working with Stakeholders 236 Creating Impact 237
European Implementation Science Education Network 238 Knowledge-Related Competencies 239 Skill-Related Competencies 240 Attitude-Related Competencies 242
Developing Research Coproduction Competencies 244
Conclusion 245
Future Research 246
References 246
Chapter 5.2 Trainees and Research Coproduction 249 Authors: Christine Cassidy, Emily Ramage, Sandy Steinwender, and Shauna Best
Introduction 250
Trainees and Research Coproduction: What Is Known from the Literature? 251 Types of Knowledge Users and Research Context 251 Research Coproduction Approach 251 Barriers and Challenges 252 Facilitators 252 Impact/Outcome of Partnerships 252 Implications and Recommendations from the Literature 253
Trainee Research Coproduction Experience 253 Rewards and Benefits 254
Experiential Learning Opportunity 254
Relevant and Useful Research Findings 254
Advance Research Partnerships 255 Expectations vs. Reality 255
Partnership Structure and Function 255
Engagement 256
Unpredictability 257 Barriers and Facilitators 257
Team Structure and Decision-Making 257
Time and Resources 258
Meeting Knowledge User Needs 259
Considerations for the Development of Research Coproduction Skills 259 Learning 260 Doing 261 Becoming 261 Training Programs 262
Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 262
Future Research 266 Training Preparation for Research Coproduction 266 Build the Empirical Knowledge Base on Research Coproduction 266
Conclusion 267
References 267
Chapter 5.3 The Role of Funders 271 Authors: Bev Holmes and Chonnettia Jones
Introduction 271
Setting the Scene: Funders and Their Role in the Use of Evidence 272
Funders and Coproduction in the Literature 274
Coproduction in Action – Examples of Funders’ Activities 275 Research in Action | Stakeholder Engagement 276
International Development Research Centre, Canada 276 Evidence Leaders in Africa | Policymaking 277 Coordinating Center | Research Partnerships 278 Evidence for Action | Evidence of What Works 279 INVOLVE | Public and Patient Involvement 280
Discussion 280 Funders in Coproduction: General Considerations 281 Internally Focused Funder Processes to Support Coproduction 281 Externally Facing Systems-Level Activities to Enable Coproduction 283
Future Research 284
Conclusion 285
References 285
Chapter 6 Building Blocks for Research Coproduction: Reflections and Implications 290 Authors: Jo Rycroft-Malone, Ian D. Graham, Anita Kothari, and Chris McCutcheon
Introduction 290
Research Coproduction: A Principles-Based Approach 291
Stakeholders: An Inclusive and Flexible Approach 292
Meaningful Partnership: Essential Ingredients 293
System Architecture: The Context of Research Coproduction 295
Supporting People’s Capability for Research Coproduction 297
Building Systems Capabilities for Research Coproduction 299
Judicious Coproduction 299
Closing Thoughts 300
References 301
Index 303