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Overview
The subject of religious freedom is important to all American citizens, regardless of religious affiliation or ethnicity. Are the rights of religious individuals being eroded, or is religion being unfairly used to deny basic secular rights to individuals? How will religious institutions adapt to changes in legislation that have an impact on how they operate? Does the Supreme Court have the right to enforce these changes? Finally, how can the precarious separation of church and state be maintained while simultaneously respecting both institutions?
This single-volume work provides an introduction that addresses the historical background of religious freedom in America, accurately explains the latest legal developments in religious freedom in the United States, and presents an unbiased account of the probable impact of the new Freedom of Religion laws in the continuing culture war. Readers will gain insight into key controversies such as prayer in public schools, creationism versus evolution, abortion, religious objections to medical care, religious displays in public places, same-sex marriage and LGBT rights, and state and federal religious freedom acts. The book also includes perspective essays by outside contributors, a selection of useful primary documents, a listing of print and nonprint resources, a chronology, and a glossary of terms.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781440851049 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
| Publication date: | 01/12/2018 |
| Series: | Contemporary World Issues |
| Pages: | 368 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.88(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Background and History 3
Introduction 3
Established Religion in Colonial America 5
The Constitution and the First Amendment 14
The Rise of Homegrown Minority Religions 20
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: The Mormons 20
The Seventh-day Adventists 25
Jehovah's Witnesses 29
The Nation of Islam 32
Other Non-Christian Minority Religions 35
Judaism 35
Muslim Americans 38
Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism 39
Baha'i 40
Native American Religion 40
Wicca 42
Atheists and Agnostics 43
Conclusion 44
References 45
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 53
Introduction 53
The Establishment Clause 56
Government Aid to Church-Related Schools 58
Religion in Public Education 63
Government-Sponsored Religious Displays 68
Prayers in Public Schools 69
Sabbatarian Laws (Blue Laws) 70
Religious Institutions Functioning as Government Agencies 72
Tax Exemptions for Religious Institutions 74
Legislative Chaplains and Prayers 76
Standing to Sue 76
Teaching Creationism and Evolution in Public Schools 78
Unequal Government Treatment of Religious Groups 79
The Free Exercise Clause 82
Solicitation by Religious Groups 82
Using Religious Tests for Public Benefits or Services 88
Public Education 92
Religion and Right to Work Laws 95
Government Intrusion into Church Controversies 99
Eminent Domain 103
Freedom of Speech 104
Solutions 108
Conclusion 109
References 111
3 Perspectives 115
Why Mixing Religion and Political Activity Leads to a Poisoned Chalice: Ending Compelled Taxpayer Support for Religious Political Activity Christina Ann-Marie DiEdoardo 115
Say a Prayer for Me Stacy Mintzer Herlihy 119
Religious Choice in Medicine: When Cancer Patients Have Religious Objections to Life-Saving Blood Transfusions Angela Quinn 122
When Children Pay the Price of Freedom of Religion Dorit R. Reiss 125
Transgender Rights: A Religious Freedom Wedge Strategy Rani Baker 129
The First Amendment and Immigration John R. Vile 133
Many Are Called-By the Supreme Court of the United States Courtney Wilder 136
The HHS Contraception Mandate and Religious Freedom Conflicts Christina Villegas 141
The Episcopal Church-Foundations of Religious Freedom Christopher Johnson 147
4 Profiles 153
Introduction 153
Governmental Organizations 153
Attorney General of the United States and Solicitor General of the United States 153
Office of the President of the United States 155
The Supreme Court of the United States 156
U.S. Federal Departments 156
Nongovernmental Organizations 159
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee 159
American Atheists 161
American Civil Liberties Union 162
Americans for Religious Liberty 163
Americans United for Separation of Church and State 165
Center for the Study of Law and Religion 167
Council on American-Islamic Relations 169
Freedom from Religion Foundation 170
Heritage Foundation 172
Jehovah's Witnesses 173
Moral Majority 174
Seventh-day Adventists 175
People 177
Warren Burger (1907-1995) 177
George W. Bush (1946-) 178
Jimmy Carter (1924- ) 180
Ted Cruz (1970-) 181
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933-) 182
Alberto Gonzales (1955- ) 184
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) 185
Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) 186
Anthony Kennedy (1936- ) 187
Barack Obama (196l-) 189
Sandra Day O'Connor (1930- ) 189
William Rehnquist (1924-2005) 190
John Roberts (1955-) 191
Antonin Scalia (1936-2016) 192
Donald Trump (1946-) 193
Nongovernmental Stakeholders 194
James Dobson (1936-) 195
Madalyn Murray O'Hair (1919-1995) 196
Ron Reagan (1958- ) 197
Ralph Reed (1961-) 198
Melissa Rogers (Not Known) 199
John Witte, Jr. (1959- ) 200
References 201
5 Data and Documents 203
Introduction 203
Data 203
Table 5.1 Religions in the United States (2010 Census) 204
Figure 5.1 World Religions (by Percentage) 205
Table 5.2 Religious Freedom Supreme Court Cases 206
Table 5.3 Charges of Religion-Based Discrimination (1997 to 2016) 208
Table 5.4 Religious-Related Hate Crime Statistics (2015) 209
Documents 210
The Maryland Toleration Act (1649) 210
The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) 215
Constitutional Provisions 217
Letter from James Madison to Edward Livingston (1822) 218
Order of Extermination, Missouri Executive Order 44 (1838) 223
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 224
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist (1973) 226
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) 230
Denial of Equal Access Prohibited (1984) 231
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) 233
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) 235
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014) 238
Executive Order Promoting Free Speech and Religious Liberty (2017) 241
Documents on the "Muslim Ban" (2017) 243
6 Resources 247
Introduction 247
Print Resources 247
Books 247
Leading Scholarly Journals 278
Nonprint Sources 290
Films 290
Videos 294
7 Chronology 299
Glossary 311
Index 321
About the Author 349