An engaging history of women's rights and the legal profession in the nineteenth century
Long before Sandra Day O'Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsberg earned their positions on the Supreme Court, they were preceded in their goal of legal excellence by several intrepid trailblazers. In Rebels at the Bar, prize-winning legal historian Jill Norgren recounts the life stories of a small group of nineteenth century women who were among the first female attorneys in the United States. Beginning in the late 1860s, these determined rebels pursued the radical ambition of entering the then all-male profession of law. They were motivated by a love of learning. They believed in fair play and equal opportunity. They desired recognition as professionals and the ability to earn a good living.
Through a biographical approach, Norgren presents the common struggles of eight women first to train and to qualify as attorneys, then to practice their hard-won professional privilege. Their story is one of nerve, frustration, and courage. This first generation practiced civil and criminal law, solo and in partnership. The women wrote extensively and lobbied on the major issues of the day, but the professional opportunities open to them had limits. They never had the opportunity to wear the black robes of a judge. They were refused entry into the lucrative practices of corporate and railroad law. Although male lawyers filled legislatures and the Foreign Service, presidents refused to appoint these early women lawyers to diplomatic offices and the public refused to elect them to legislatures.
Rebels at the Bar expands our understanding of both women’s rights and the history of the legal profession in the nineteenth century. It focuses on the female renegades who trained in law and then, like men, fought considerable odds to create successful professional lives. In this engaging and beautifully written book, Norgren shares her subjects’ faith in the art of the possible. In so doing, she ensures their place in history.
Jill Norgren is Professor Emerita of Political Science at John Jay College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York. She is the author of several books, including Rebels at the Bar: The Fascinating, Forgotten Stories of America’s First Women Lawyers (NYU, 2013), and Belva Lockwood: The Women Who Would Be President (NYU, 2007).
Table of Contents
Preface 1 The Women’s War 2 White Knights and Legal Knaves 3 Myra Bradwell: The Supreme Court Says No4 Lavinia Goodell: “A Sweeping Revolution of Social Order” 5 Belva A. Lockwood: The First Woman Member of the U.S. Supreme Court Bar 6 Clara Foltz’s Story: Breaking Barriers in the West 7 Not Everyone Is Bold: Mary Hall and Catharine Waugh McCulloch in Conversation 8 Lelia Robinson and Mary Greene: Two Women from Boston University School of Law 9 Law as a Woman’s Enterprise Epilogue Notes Select Bibliography Index About the Author
What People are Saying About This
From the Publisher
In this pathbreaking account, Rebels at the Bar enlarges our understanding of women’s entrance to the legal profession. With telling detail and lively prose, Jill Norgren profiles the courage, resilience, and challenges of America’s first women lawyers. This is a compelling story and essential reading for anyone interested in women’s role in legal history."-Deborah L. Rhode,Ernest W. McFarland Professor of Law, Stanford Law School
"I read these stories of the first generation of women lawyers with awe and gratitude. We are all in their debt—and in Jill Norgren's, too, for recovering this forgotten history."-Linda Greenhouse,Knight Distinguished Journalist in Residence and Joseph M. Goldstein Senior Fellow, Yale Law School
"Bold, brave women with musical old-fashioned names—Myra, Clara, Belva, Lelia, Lavinia—are among the subjects of this lively and readable account of the first women lawyers. Some were famous in their times, but all were forgotten until recently when female attorneys started seeking their history, and found a Boswell in Jill Norgren."-Barbara Babcock,Judge John Crown Professor of Law, Emerita, Stanford Law School
