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Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical Analyses
by Joseph John Thomson
Joseph John Thomson
Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical Analyses
by Joseph John Thomson
Joseph John Thomson
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Overview
Scanned, proofed and corrected from the original hardcover edition for enjoyable reading. (Worth every penny spent!)
***
Contents:
1. Rays of Positive Electricity
2. Double Cathodes
3. Rectilinear Propagation of the Positive Rays
On the Nature of the Positive Rays, Their Deflection by Electric and Magnetic Forces On the Nature of the Positive Rays, Their Deflection by Electric and Magnetic Forces
4. Electrostatic Deflection of the Particle
5. Wien's Proof of the Magnetic and Electric Deflection of the Rays
6. Effect at Very Low Pressures
7. Discussion of the Photographs
8. Negatively Charged Particles
9. Atoms Carrying Two or More Positive Charges
10. Methods for Measuring the Number of the Positively Electrified Particles
On the Information Afforded by the Positive Rays as to the Constitution of a Gas, the Nature and Properties of the Molecules, and the Process of Ionization in a Discharge Tube
11. Retrograde and Anode Rays
12. Anode Rays
13. Döppler Effect Shown by the Positive Rays
Ratio of Displacements of the Two Maxima
14. Spectra Produced by Bombardment with Positive Rays
15. Disintegration of Metals Under the Action of Positive Rays
16. On The Use of the Positive Rays for Chemical Analysis
17. On the Nature of X3 the Substance Giving the 3 Line
18. Evolution of Helium and Neon
***
An excerpt from the beginning of the first chapter:
1. Rays of Positive Electricity
The positive rays were discovered by Goldstein in 1886. His apparatus is represented in Fig. 1 ; the cathode K which stretched right across the tube r was a metal plate through which a number of holes were drilled, the diameter of the holes being considerably less than the thickness of the plate; the axes of the holes were at right angles to the surface of the plate; the anode a was at the end of the lower part of the tube. The pressure of the gas in the tube was so low that when the electrodes K and a were connected with the terminals of an induction coil and a discharge passed through the tube, the dark space below the cathode was well developed. Under these circumstances Goldstein found that slightly diverging bundles of a luminous discharge streamed through the holes in the cathode into the upper tube. The colour of the light in these bundles depended on the kind of gas with which the tube was filled: when it was air the light was yellowish, when it was hydrogen, rose colour. These rays can be shown very conveniently by the use of the tube represented in Fig. 2; a form also used by Goldstein in his earlier experiments. The cathode which fills the middle of the tube is a flat disc with a hole in It; a metal tube fitting into the hole is soldered on to the cathode, the length of the tube should be several times the diameter of the hole and Its axis perpendicular to the plane of the cathode; the anode is a wire fused Into the upper part of the tube. When the pressure of the gas Is properly adjusted, the positive rays stream through the tube into the lower part of the vessel while the cathode rays shoot upwards. The contrast between the colour of light due to the positive rays and that due to the cathode rays is, when some arc In the tube, exceedingly striking. Of all the gases I have tried for this purpose neon gives the most striking results, for with this gas the light due to the positive rays is a most gorgeous red, while that due to the cathode rays is pale blue; with helium the positive rays give a reddish light while that due to the cathode rays is green. The spectroscopic examination of the light due to the positive and cathode rays reveals interesting differences which we shall have to consider later; we may anticipate, however, so far as to say that the character of the light produced by the positive rays is similar to that of the velvety glow which, in an ordinary discharge tube with an unperforated cathode, spreads over the surface of the cathode.
As in Goldstein's experiments these rays were observed streaming through holes or channels In the cathode; he called them " Kanalstrahlen ". Now that they have been proved to be streams of particles, the majority of which are positively electrified, it seems advisable to call them positive rays, as indicating their nature; the name Kanalstrahlen only suggests the methods of demonstrating them.
Many important properties of the positive rays can be easily demonstrated by the use of a tube like that shown in Fig. 2. For example when the rays strike against the glass sides of the tube they make the glass phosphoresce. The phosphorescence produced by the positive rays is of a different colour from that produced by the cathode rays and is in general not nearly so bright. With German glass the positive and cathode rays...
***
Contents:
1. Rays of Positive Electricity
2. Double Cathodes
3. Rectilinear Propagation of the Positive Rays
On the Nature of the Positive Rays, Their Deflection by Electric and Magnetic Forces On the Nature of the Positive Rays, Their Deflection by Electric and Magnetic Forces
4. Electrostatic Deflection of the Particle
5. Wien's Proof of the Magnetic and Electric Deflection of the Rays
6. Effect at Very Low Pressures
7. Discussion of the Photographs
8. Negatively Charged Particles
9. Atoms Carrying Two or More Positive Charges
10. Methods for Measuring the Number of the Positively Electrified Particles
On the Information Afforded by the Positive Rays as to the Constitution of a Gas, the Nature and Properties of the Molecules, and the Process of Ionization in a Discharge Tube
11. Retrograde and Anode Rays
12. Anode Rays
13. Döppler Effect Shown by the Positive Rays
Ratio of Displacements of the Two Maxima
14. Spectra Produced by Bombardment with Positive Rays
15. Disintegration of Metals Under the Action of Positive Rays
16. On The Use of the Positive Rays for Chemical Analysis
17. On the Nature of X3 the Substance Giving the 3 Line
18. Evolution of Helium and Neon
***
An excerpt from the beginning of the first chapter:
1. Rays of Positive Electricity
The positive rays were discovered by Goldstein in 1886. His apparatus is represented in Fig. 1 ; the cathode K which stretched right across the tube r was a metal plate through which a number of holes were drilled, the diameter of the holes being considerably less than the thickness of the plate; the axes of the holes were at right angles to the surface of the plate; the anode a was at the end of the lower part of the tube. The pressure of the gas in the tube was so low that when the electrodes K and a were connected with the terminals of an induction coil and a discharge passed through the tube, the dark space below the cathode was well developed. Under these circumstances Goldstein found that slightly diverging bundles of a luminous discharge streamed through the holes in the cathode into the upper tube. The colour of the light in these bundles depended on the kind of gas with which the tube was filled: when it was air the light was yellowish, when it was hydrogen, rose colour. These rays can be shown very conveniently by the use of the tube represented in Fig. 2; a form also used by Goldstein in his earlier experiments. The cathode which fills the middle of the tube is a flat disc with a hole in It; a metal tube fitting into the hole is soldered on to the cathode, the length of the tube should be several times the diameter of the hole and Its axis perpendicular to the plane of the cathode; the anode is a wire fused Into the upper part of the tube. When the pressure of the gas Is properly adjusted, the positive rays stream through the tube into the lower part of the vessel while the cathode rays shoot upwards. The contrast between the colour of light due to the positive rays and that due to the cathode rays is, when some arc In the tube, exceedingly striking. Of all the gases I have tried for this purpose neon gives the most striking results, for with this gas the light due to the positive rays is a most gorgeous red, while that due to the cathode rays is pale blue; with helium the positive rays give a reddish light while that due to the cathode rays is green. The spectroscopic examination of the light due to the positive and cathode rays reveals interesting differences which we shall have to consider later; we may anticipate, however, so far as to say that the character of the light produced by the positive rays is similar to that of the velvety glow which, in an ordinary discharge tube with an unperforated cathode, spreads over the surface of the cathode.
As in Goldstein's experiments these rays were observed streaming through holes or channels In the cathode; he called them " Kanalstrahlen ". Now that they have been proved to be streams of particles, the majority of which are positively electrified, it seems advisable to call them positive rays, as indicating their nature; the name Kanalstrahlen only suggests the methods of demonstrating them.
Many important properties of the positive rays can be easily demonstrated by the use of a tube like that shown in Fig. 2. For example when the rays strike against the glass sides of the tube they make the glass phosphoresce. The phosphorescence produced by the positive rays is of a different colour from that produced by the cathode rays and is in general not nearly so bright. With German glass the positive and cathode rays...
Product Details
| BN ID: | 2940012791436 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | OGB |
| Publication date: | 07/17/2011 |
| Series: | Monographs on Physics , #1 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| File size: | 964 KB |
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