Racial and Ethnic Relations / Edition 9

by Joe R. Feagin, Clairece Booher R Feagin

Overview

For courses in Majority-Minority Relations, Racial and Ethnic Relations, Cultural Diversity, and Multiculturalism in departments of Sociology and Ethnic Studies.

Racial and Ethnic Relation, 9/e, examines the “what”, “why”, and “how” of racial and ethnic oppression and conflict.

Drawing on a broad array of sources, this text provides readers with access to important research and literature on racial and ethnic groups in the Unites States and, to a lesser extent, in certain other countries around the globe.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780205790777
Publisher:	Prentice Hall
Publication date:	10/08/2010
Series:	MySocKit Series
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	528
Product dimensions:	7.90(w) x 10.00(h) x 0.70(d)
Lexile:	1380L (what's this?)

About the Author

Dr. Joe Feagin, currently Ella C. McFadden Professor at Texas A & M University, was born in San Angelo (Texas), got his early education in Houston, and graduated from Baylor University in 1960. He acquired his Ph.D. in sociology at Harvard University in 1966. Feagin has taught at the University of Massachusetts (Boston), University of California (Riverside), University of Texas, University of Florida, and Texas A&M University. Dr. Feagin has done much research and conceptual work on race, racism, and sexism issues and has served as the Scholar-in-Residence at the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. He has written 58 scholarly books and nearly 200 scholarly articles in his research areas.

Feagin’s major books include Systemic Racism (Routledge 2006), Social Problems: A Power-Conflict Perspective (6th ed., Prentice-Hall, 2006); Liberation Sociology, with H. Vera (Westview, 2001); Racist America (Routledge 2000); The First R: How Children Learn Race and Racism, with D. Van Ausdale (Rowman & Littlefield 2001); Racial and Ethnic Relations, with C. Feagin (7th ed.; Prentice-Hall 2008); The Many Costs of Racism, with K. McKinney (Rowman & Littlefield 2003); White Men on Race, with E. O'Brien (Beacon 2003); Black in Blue: African-American Police Officers and Racism, with K. Bolton (Routledge 2004); Two Faced Racism: Whites in the Backstage and Frontstage, with L. Picca (Routledge 2007); and The White Racial Frame (Routledge 2010).

Feagin’s books have won numerous national and professional association prizes; his book, Ghetto Revolts (Macmillan 1973), was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. He is the 2006 recipient of a Harvard Alumni Association lifetime achievement award and was the 1999-2000 president of the American Sociological Association.

Table of Contents

IN THIS SECTION:

1. BRIEF

2. COMPREHENSIVE

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I The Racial and Ethnic Mosaic

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in the Study of Racial and Ethnic Relations

Chapter 2 Adaptation and Conflict: Racial and Ethnic Relations in Theoretical Perspective

Part II A Nation of Immigrants: An Overview of the Economic and Political Conditions of Selected Racial and Ethnic Groups

Chapter 3 English Americans and the Anglo-Protestant Culture

Chapter 4 Irish Americans and Italian Americans

Chapter 5 Jewish Americans

Chapter 6 Native Americans

Chapter 7 African Americans

Chapter 8 Mexican Americans

Chapter 9 Puerto Rican and Cuban Americans

Chapter 10 Japanese Americans

Chapter 11 Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Vietnamese, and Asian-Indian Americans

Chapter 12 Arab and Other Middle Eastern Americans

Chapter 13 Ongoing Racial and Ethnic Issues in the United States: Some Final Considerations

Part III Global Realities

Chapter 14 Colonialism and Postcolonialism: The Global Expansion of Racism

COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS

*Summary and Key Terms appear at the end of each chapter

Part I The Racial and Ethnic Mosaic

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts in the Study of Racial and Ethnic Relations

Issues of Race and Racism

Racial Groups and Racialized Hierarchies

Ideological Racism

Racial Groups

Ancestry and Multiracial Realities

Ethnic Groups

What Is an Ethnic Group?

A Note on Cultures

A Racial Framing of Society

Prejudices and Stereotypes

Explanations of Stereotyping and Prejudice

Are Racial Attitudes and Performances Changing?

Discrimination

Distinguishing Dimensions

Research on Prejudice and Discrimination

Defining Institutional and Individual Discrimination

The Sites and Range of Discrimination

Cumulative and Systemic Discrimination

Responding to Discrimination

Conservative Reactions to Antidiscrimination Programs

Chapter 2 Adaptation and Conflict: Racial and Ethnic Relations in Theoretical Perspective

Racial and Ethnic Hierarchies

Some Basic Questions

Migration and Group Contact

Types of Migration

Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Adaptation

The Initial Contact

Later Adaptation Patterns

Types of Theories

Assimilation and Other Order Perspectives

Robert E. Park

Stages of Assimilation: Milton Gordon

Ethnogenesis and Ethnic Pluralism

Additional Problems with Assimilation Theories

Biosocial Perspectives

Emphasizing Migration: Competition Theory

Power-Conflict Theories

The Caste School

Early Class Theories of Racial Relations

Internal Colonialism

Cultural Resistance and Oppositional Cultures

Anticolonial Nationalism

A Neo-Marxist Emphasis on Class

The Split Labor-Market View

Middleman Minorities, Ethnic Enclaves, and Segmented Assimilation

A Note on Market-Dominant Minorities

Women and Gendered Racism

The State and Racial Formations

Toward a Theory of Systemic Racism

A Note on the “Black—White Paradigm”

Part II A Nation of Immigrants: An Overview of the Economic and Political Conditions of Selected Racial and Ethnic Groups

Immigration, the Economy, and Government

Commercial Capitalism and the Slave Society: 1600s—1860s

Colonial Society and Slave Labor

Civil War: The Southern Plantation Oligarchy Versus Northern Entrepreneurs

Immigrant Laborers in the North

Western and Global Expansion

Industrial Capitalism: 1860s—1910s

Industrial Capitalism and Government Expansion Overseas

African Americans: Exclusion from Western Lands

Southern and Eastern European Immigrants

European Immigrants and Black Americans

Advanced Industrial (Multinational) Capitalism: 1910s—2000s

Mexican Immigrants

Large Corporations and the U.S. Business Cycle

The Postwar Era: The United States and the World

Government Involvement Overseas and Asian Immigration

Latin American Immigration

Middle Eastern Immigration

Immigration Restrictions

Chapter 3 English Americans and the Anglo-Protestant Culture

The English Migrations

Some Basic Data

The First Colonial Settlements

Later Migration

Other Protestant Immigrants

The Invention of the “White Race”

Nativist Reactions to Later European Immigrants

More Fear of Immigrants

Nativism and Racism Since 1890

The Dominant Culture and Major U.S. Institutions

Language

Religion and Basic Values

Education

Political and Legal Institutions

Officeholding

Economic Institutions

Direct Participation in the Economy

Contemporary Elites

English Americans as a Group: Economic and Other Demographic Data

English Americans Today

Chapter 4 Irish Americans and Italian Americans

Irish Americans

Irish Immigration: An Overview

The Eighteenth-Century Migration

Early Life

Stereotypes

The Ape Image

Changing Attitudes

Protest and Conflict

Early Conflict

Conflict with Other Groups

Politics and Political Institutions

Political Organization in the Cities

Pragmatism in Politics

National and International Politics

The Only Irish Catholic President to Date

The Irish in the Economy

Upward Mobility

Recent Successes

Education

Religion

Assimilation Theories and the Irish

Patterns of Structural Assimilation

Is There an Irish American Identity Today?

Italian Americans

Italian Immigration

Many Immigrants

Life for the Immigrants

Stereotypes

Stereotypes of Inferiority in Intelligence

The Mafia Myth

Stereotypes and Discrimination

Conflict

Legalized Killings

Conflict and Cooperation with African Americans

Politics

City Politics

State and National Politics

The Economy

Early Poverty and Discrimination

Upward Mobility

Recent Decades

Some Persisting Problems

Education

Religion

Assimilation or Ethnogenesis?

Structural Assimilation

An Italian Identity?

A Note on Ethnic Diversity Among White Americans

Chapter 5 Jewish Americans

Migration

From 1500 to World War II

From World War II to the Present

Prejudice and Stereotypes

Oppression and Conflict

Organized Anti-Semitism and Hate Crimes

Religious Discrimination and Conflict

Jewish Americans Fight Back

Jewish—Black Relations

Politics

Jewish Americans and Political Parties

Unions and Community Organizations

The Economy

Establishing an Economic Niche: A “Middleman Minority”?

From the Depression to the 1950s

Individual and Family Success

Persisting Discrimination

Education

Discriminatory Quotas for Jewish Students

Affirmative Action Programs

Continuing Achievements in Education

Religion and Zionism

Trends in Religious Practice and Identity

Israel and Zionism

Assimilation or Pluralism?

Patterns of Assimilation

Intermarriage

Recent Immigrants: Strong Jewish Identity

Contemporary Jewish Identity and the Future of the Community

Accepting and Challenging White Privilege

Chapter 6 Native Americans

Conquest by Europeans and European Americans

Early Cultural Borrowing

Geographical Location and Relocation

The Colonial Period

Treaties, Reservations, and Genocide

Myths About Conflict

White Massacres of Native Americans

Racist Images and Stereotypes

Politics

Native American Cultures and Societies: Before European Influence

The Politics of the European Invasion

From the Dawes Act to the New Deal

The Termination Policy

The Controversial Role of the BIA

Growing Pressures for Political Participation

Protest and Conflict

Confrontation with the Federal Government

Leonard Peltier: A U.S. Political Prisoner

Anti-Indian Racism and Sports Mascots

Recent Gains and Continuing Protests

Honoring Treaties: Fishing Rights and Land Claims

Fighting for Fairness: Suing the Department of Agriculture

Activism and Self-Determination

The Economy

Poverty and Land Theft

Land, Minerals, and Industrial Development

Persisting Economic Problems

Recent Economic Developments

Education

Religion

Revitalization Movements as Protest

Indigenous Americans Overseas

Assimilation and Colonialism

Assimilation Perspectives

Power-Conflict Perspectives

Chapter 7 African Americans

Forced Migration and Slavery

The European Trade in Human Beings

The Lives of Africans Under Slavery

Active Resistance

Outside the Rural South

Racist Ideologies and Associated Stereotypes

Seeing African Americans as Inferior: White Stereotypes

The Pseudoscience of “Intelligence” Testing

Contemporary Antiblack Prejudices and Related Views

Interracial Conflict

Antiblack Violence

Black Protest Against Oppression

The Economy

White Enrichment, Black Losses

The Migration North

Economic Changes Since the 1940s

Persisting Discrimination: A Business Example

Discrimination in Corporations, Sports, and the Military

Government Action and Inaction on Discrimination

Unemployment, Income, and Poverty

Is There a Distinctive African American “Culture of Poverty”?

Discrimination in Housing

Politics and Protest

From Reconstruction to the 1920s

The Limits of Black Progress: Political Discrimination

The Federal Government

The Republican Appeal to White Voters: A Shift from the Past

African American Organization and Protest

Progress and Retreat

Education

The Struggle for Desegregation

The Current Situation in Public Schools

College Attendance and College Experiences

Religion and Culture

Recent Immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean

Economics and Education

Racial History and Racial Discrimination

Assimilation for African Americans?

Assimilation Theories

Power-Conflict Perspectives: The Continuing Significance of Racism

Chapter 8 Mexican Americans

The Conquest Period, 1500—1853

The Texas Revolt: Myths and Reality

California and New Mexico

Past and Present Immigration

Braceros and Undocumented Workers: Encouraging Immigration

Migration and U.S. Involvement in Latin America

The 1986 Immigration Act, the 2006 Secure Fence Act, and Undocumented Immigrants

Population and Location

Stereotypes and Related Images

Early Images

Contemporary Stereotypes and Prejudices

Views of Immigration and Immigrants

Negative Images in the Mass Media

Mocking Spanish

A Racialized Identity: The Contemporary Situation

Conflict and Protest

Oppression and Resistance

Protests Since the 1960s

The Economy

Stratification and Discrimination in the Workplace

Continuing Language Discrimination

Unemployment, Poverty, and Income

Problems of Economic Adaptation

Immigrant Workers: Targeted for Discrimination

Politics and Protest

Growing Political Representation

Support for the Democratic Party

The Courts and the Police

The Chicano Political Movement

Other Organizations and Protest

Unions for Low-Wage Workers

Other Recent Challenges: Latinos and African Americans

Education

Recurring Education Problems

Current Education Issues: Segregation and Bilingualism

Educational Achievement and Continuing Problems

Religion

Assimilation or Internal Colonialism?

The Limits and Pacing of Assimilation

Applying a Power-Conflict Perspective

A Pan-Latino Identity

Chapter 9 Puerto Rican and Cuban Americans

Puerto Ricans

From Spanish to U.S. Rule

Migration to the Mainland

Migration Patterns

Joined by Other Latinos: Diversity in the New York Area

Prejudices and Stereotypes

Criminalizing Puerto Ricans

Other Negative Images

Color Coding and White Prejudices

Economic and Related Conditions: The Mainland

Occupation and Unemployment

Employment Discrimination

Industrial Restructuring

Income and Poverty

Housing Problems

Education

Barriers to Social and Economic Mobility

Language

Official English Policies and Spanish Speakers

Politics

Local and State Government

Politics and Recent Intergroup Conflict

Protest

On the Mainland

More Community Protest

Religion

Assimilation or Colonialism?

Assimilation Perspectives

Power-Conflict Perspectives

Cuban Americans

Patterns of Immigration

Early Immigration: 1868—1959

Recent Immigration: 1959 to the Present

The Mariel Immigrants

Intergroup Conflict

Tensions Between Cuban Americans and African Americans

Racial Division Among Cuban Americans

Stereotypes and Discrimination

The Economic Situation

Politics

Religion

Assimilation or Colonialism?

Assimilation Issues

A Power-Conflict Perspective?

Chapter 10 Japanese Americans

Introduction: Asian Americans

Japanese Americans

Migration: An Overview

Serial and Chain Migration

Early Immigration

Mainland Migration

More Racist Agitation and Restrictions

Stereotypes

War Propaganda

Recent Distortions, Stereotypes, and Omissions

Repression and Violent Attacks

The Ugly Specter of U.S. Concentration Camps

Why the Camps Were Created

Later Impact

The Political Arena

Compensation Pressures and Political Progress

Government Officials

Politics, Stereotyping, and Competition with Japan

Protest Organizations and Group Pride

The Economy

Finding an Economic Niche

The Postwar Economy

Occupational Mobility, Income, and Persisting Employment Barriers

Education

Racism and Early Segregation

Educational Progress

Religion

Assimilation Perspectives

A Power-Conflict View

Criticizing the “Model Minority” Stereotype

Chapter 11 Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Vietnamese, and Asian-Indian Americans

Migration: An Overview

Chinese Americans

Filipino Americans

Korean Americans

Vietnamese Americans

Asian-Indian Americans

Asian Women as Immigrants

Stereotypes

Specific Images of Asian Americans

More Stereotyping in the Media and Popular Entertainment

Discrimination and Conflict

Hate Crimes and Other Racial Attacks

Chinese Americans

Filipino Americans

Korean Americans

Vietnamese Americans

Asian-Indian Americans

Organizing and Activism in the Political Arena

Pan-Asian Organizations and Coalitions

Chinese Americans

Filipino Americans

Korean Americans

Vietnamese Americans

Asian-Indian Americans

The Economy

Chinese Americans

Filipino Americans

Korean Americans

Vietnamese Americans

Asian-Indian Americans

Education

High Achievement amid Persisting Problems

Educational Attainment

Controversy in Higher Education

Full Assimilation for Asian Americans?

Assimilation Views

Some Questions from a Power-Conflict Perspective

Chapter 12 Arab and Other Middle Eastern Americans

Middle Eastern Americans

Arab Americans

Migration

The Early Period

Later Immigration

Stereotyping and Prejudice

Classified as an “Inferior Race”

Recent Stereotyping and U.S. Politics

Challenging Stereotyping

Stereotypes and Arab American Women

Oppression, Discrimination, and Conflict

Past and Present Patterns of Discrimination

International Politics and Discrimination

Taking Action Against Discrimination

Local Conflict and Cooperation with Other Groups

Politics and Political Emergence

Gradual Increase in Political Activity

Recent Political Involvement

International Politics and Linkages

The Economy

Education

Religion

Adaptation and Assimilation Issues

Patterns of Assimilation

Contemporary Assimilation Issues and Patterns

Assimilation and Generational Conflicts

Creating a Hybrid Culture

Power-Conflict Issues: Identities in the Face of Hostility

Chapter 13 Ongoing Racial and Ethnic Issues in the United States: Some Final Considerations

A Nation of Immigrants

The Melting Pot: Early Images of Immigrant Incorporation

Multicultural and Multiracial Democracy Issues

Equality and a Pluralistic Democracy

An Egalitarian Society?

Racial Discrimination: The Present Day

Part III Global Realities

Chapter 14 Colonialism and Postcolonialism: The Global Expansion of Racism

Colonialism and Racism

The History and Legacy of Colonialism

To Whom Does Southern Africa Belong?

Formation of the State and Apartheid

Opposition to Apartheid

The Future of South Africa

Brazil: The Legacy of Slavery and the Illusion of Equality

Ever a Racial Democracy?

A Century of Lies

Colonialism and Colonizer in France: The Violence of Inclusion and Exclusion

The Character of French Colonialism

Muslim Immigrants and Racism

The Future of Colonialism and Post-Colonialism

Some General Considerations

Colonialism, Capitalism, and Racism: A Note on Contemporary Genocide

Introduction

OVER THE PAST FEW DECADES, NUMEROUS SCHOLARS, JOURNALISTS, AND POLITICIANS have argued that there is a "declining significance of race" or an "end to racism" in the United States. They have written or spoken optimistically about the decrease in discrimination and the improving character of racial and ethnic relations in this country. Over the same period of time, however, the scholarly journals and mass media have been filled with accounts of violent hate crimes targeting people of color, accounts of the violent views and actions of white supremacist groups, discussions of many lawsuits over racial discrimination in employment and public accommodations, studies showing widespread housing discrimination, descriptions of community rebellions against local police brutality incidents, and controversies over affirmative action and other anti-discrimination programs. In recent years, we have also seen intense debates about the character and impact of the recent immigrants to the United States, many of whom are immigrants of color from Latin American or Asian countries.

As we move into the new millennium, there is much scholarly and public discussion and argument about racial and ethnic discrimination, oppression, and conflict. Contrary to what some scholars and journalists assert, this debate reflects the underlying social, economic, and political realities in the United States. Today, many Americans are well aware, or are becoming aware, of the continuing significance of "race," racism, and ethnicity, not only in this country but also in other countries—from the Republic of South Africa to Northern Ireland, the former Yugoslavia, the former Soviet Union, and the MiddleEast. Racial and ethnic oppression and conflict are extraordinarily important in the modern world and have the potential to tear apart any country, including highly industrialized countries.

One result of the reinvigorated interest in racial and ethnic issues in many areas of the United States is the creation of college and university courses that focus on racial and ethnic divisions, cultural diversity, and multicultural or multiracial issues. We have revised this seventh edition of Racial and Ethnic Relations with this growing interest in U.S. racial and ethnic heritages, developments, conflicts, and coalitions in mind. This textbook is designed for sociology courses, other social science courses, and education courses variously titled Racial and Ethnic Relations, Race Relations, Minority Groups, and Minority Relations, and also for various other courses on cultural diversity, multiculturalism, and racial and ethnic groups offered in college, university, business, and governmental settings.

One purpose of this book is to provide readers with access to the important literature on racial and ethnic groups in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in certain other countries around the globe. We have drawn on a broad array of sources, including articles, books, and other data analyses by sociologists, political scientists, social psychologists, anthropologists, historians, economists, investigative journalists, and legal scholars.

We have limited space, so we have not been able to deal with all the important racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Instead, we have focused on a modest number of major racial and ethnic groups, generally preferring to accent depth rather than breadth in the analyses. In recent decades, social science analyses have begun to dig deeper into the "what," "why," and "how" of racial and ethnic oppression and conflict. We draw heavily on this ever-growing research.

The introduction to Part I looks briefly at the origins of the racial and ethnic mosaic that is the United States. It serves as an introduction to Chapters 1 and 2, which discuss major concepts and theories in the study of racial and ethnic relations. The introduction to Part II sketches the political and economic history of the United States in order to provide the context for understanding the adaptation and oppression of the various immigrant groups that have come, voluntarily or involuntarily, to U .S. shores. Only one major group, Native Americans (Indians), cannot be viewed as such immigrants; indeed, as the original inhabitants of this continent, they were often the victims of actions by the early immigrants (colonists) from outside North America. The situations and experiences of Native American societies and the various groups that have immigrated to North America are considered in Chapters 3-13. In Part III, Chapter 14 moves away from the United States to look at patterns of racial and ethnic relations in several other countries around the world, including France, South Africa, and Brazil. In the latter two cases, we examine how global patterns of racial oppression and conflict have often been developed or fostered by the outside European colonizers and their descendants during the colonial and decolonization periods in the histories of such countries.

In this seventh edition of Racial and Ethnic Relations we have updated each chapter with much new material and research, such as that on housing discrimination facing Latinos in Chapters 8 and 9. We have added a new and timely chapter on Arab Americans, many of whom have recently immigrated from the Middle East. In several chapters we give expanded attention to new conceptual approaches to racial and ethnic relations. For example, in Chapter 2 and elsewhere, we explore how new theorizing about assimilation and racial and ethnic discrimination is forcing a deeper probing of the dimensions and variations in intergroup relationships and adaptation, including the sometimes negative consequences of group integration into the dominant culture. Where possible in the group chapters, we have given attention to current events and issues. In addition, in Chapter 13 we deal with the increasingly multiracial and multicultural character of U.S. society. We examine the implications of the forecasts by demographers that by the middle of the twenty-first century the United States will become a country whose population majority is composed of Latino, African, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Native Americans.

SUPPLEMENTS

Test Item File

This carefully prepared manual offers test questions in multiple-choice, true /false, and essay formats. All questions are keyed to the text.

MAC/WIN Prentice Hall Test Manager

This computerized software allows instructors to create their own personalized exams, to edit any or all test questions, and to add new questions. Other special features of this program, which is available for Windows and Macintosh, include random generation of an item set, creation of alternate versions of the same test, scrambling question sequence, and test preview before printing.

ABC News/Prentice Hall Video Library for Race and Ethnic Relations

Selected video segments from award-winning ABC News programs such as Nightline, ABC World News Tonight, and 20/20 accompany topics featured in the text. Please contact your Prentice Hall representative for more details.

Companion Website^™

In tandem with the text, students can now take full advantage of the Internet to enrich their study of racial and ethnic relations. Features of the Website include chapter objectives, study questions, and links to The New York Times and the USA Today Census 2000, as well as other interesting links on the Web that can reinforce and enhance the content of each chapter. Use of the site is free to all students and faculty. Visit the Website

A Prentice Hall Guide to Evaluating Online Resources, Sociology, 2003

This guide provides a brief introduction to navigating the Internet, along with references related specifically to the discipline of sociology. Also included with the guide is access to ContentSelect. Developed by Prentice Hall and EBSCO, the world leader in online journal subscription management, ContentSelect is a customized research database for students of sociology, and is free to students when packaged with this text.

Census2000 Interactive CD-ROM

Capturing the rich picture of our nation drawn by Census2000, this CD-ROM brings related census data—including audio, video, and actual reports in PDF format-into your classroom in a multimedia format. It is free when packaged with this text.

10 Ways to Fight Hate Brochure

Produced by the Southern Poverty Law Center, the leading crime-watch organization and authority on hate-crime in the United States, this brochure walks students through ten steps that they can take on their own campus or in their own neighborhood to fight hate every day. It is free when packaged with this text.

Editorial Reviews

A text for sociology and other social science courses in racial and ethnic relations, drawing on perspectives from sociology, political science, anthropology, history, journalism, and law. Part I looks at the origins of the racial and ethnic diversity of the US and major theories in the field. Part II discusses immigrant and assimilation experiences of groups such as English, Irish, Jewish, African, and Asian Americans, and the experiences of Native Americans. This fifth edition offers material on the biologized concept of race, reverse discrimination, and Afrocentric theories. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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