Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Background and History 3
Understanding Race and Sports through Historical and Theoretical Frameworks 3
The Sociology of Race and Sport as Field of Study 19
Intersectionality and Race and Sport 23
The American Sports Media as Conduit of Socially Constructed Knowledge 24
Gender and Sexual Orientation 30
The Need for Expanded Scholarship 33
References 34
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 41
Race, Sports, and Politics 42
Refusing Service to the Boston Celtics' Black Players (1961) 42
Muhammad Ali's Refusal of U.S. Army Induction (1966) 43
Tommie Smith and John Carlos's Gloved Fists and Shoeless Feet (1968) 44
When Madison Square Garden Dropped the National Anthem … for a Day (1973) 45
Craig Hodges's Letter to the President (1991) 46
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf Stops Standing for the National Anthem (1996) 48
Toni Smith Turns Her Back to the U.S. Flag (2003) 49
"Los Suns" in the NBA Playoffs (May 2010) 51
"Kneeling for a [Indirect] Cause" (August 2016-Present) 52
Discussing the Solutions: Race, Sport, and Politics 56
Race and the Sports Industry 59
Benching Leonard Bates (1940) and Lucien V. Alexis Jr. (1941) 60
Curt Flood's Antitrust Suit vs. MLB (1969) 67
Syracuse 8 (1969) 71
Questioning the NCAA's Eligibility Standards: Propositions 48, 42, and 16 (1986, 1989, 1995) 76
Venus and Serena Williams Boycott Indian Wells (2001-2016) 81
An NBA Owner's Racism Caught on Tape (2014) 85
University of Missouri Football Team Boycotts Football (2015) 89
Nike Supporting Colin Kaepernick and Black Lives Matter (2018) 92
Jay-Z Partners with the NFL (2019) 96
Discussing the Solutions: Race and the Sports Industry 100
Race, Sports, and Representation 105
Black Lives Matter and Protesting the Killings of Unarmed Black People (2012-2016) 106
"Linsanity" and Beyond: Being Asian American in the NBA (2012-Present) 115
Racism and Contemporary Native American Athletes (2008-Present) 118
Discussing the Solutions: Race, Sports, and Representation 120
References 122
3 Perspectives 129
A Player in a New Game Andre Alicea 129
Black Quarterbacks: A Troubling Reflection of America Daniel R. Davis 134
Race in Sport: From Bahamian Unity to American Discord Andrew Cole Maura 137
They Say Confidence Is Key: A Sports Memoir Tayler Simons 140
The Problems with the Lack of Accessibility of Sports Michaela Boyle 144
Black and Blue: Making the Most of the College Athlete Experience at a Division I PWI Isaiah Alicea 148
Conversations (or Not) about Race in Martial Arts Margaret Stansbery 152
4 Profiles 157
Biracial/Multiracial 157
Colin Kaepernick (1987-) 157
Hines Ward (1976-) 165
Black 167
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (1947-) 167
Muhammad Ali (1942-2016) 172
Simone Biles (1997-) and the World Champions Centre 175
Harry Edwards (1942-) 178
Curt Flood (1938-1997) 182
LeBron James (1984-) and the I Promise School 186
Paul Robeson (1898-1976) 192
Kenneth L. Shropshire (1955-) 195
Native American 198
Oren Lyons (1930-) 198
Shoni (1992-) and Jude (1993-) Schimmel 202
White American 205
Dr. Richard Lapchick (1945-) and the Racial and Gender Report Card 205
Organizations 209
American Tennis Association (ATA) (1916-) 209
Black Coaches Association (BCA) (1988-2015) / National Association for Coaching Equity and Development (2015-) 211
"Change the Mascot" Campaign (2013-) 214
Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality (RISE) (2015-) 217
References 221
5 Data and Documents 231
Data 231
Race and Sport: Youth Level 231
Table 5.1: Racial Differences in Sport Participation of Twelfth Graders in the United States (2010-2015) 233
Table 5-2: Differences in Sport Participation by Socioeconomic Status of Twelfth Graders in the United States (2010-2015) 235
Race and Sport: College Level 240
Table 5.3: NCAA Eligibility Center Division I Academic Requirements 243
Table 5.4: Men's NCAA Division I and II Coaches and Student-Athlete Racial Demographics from Eight Sports (2008-2018) 245
Table 5.5: Women's NCAA Division I and II Coaches and Student-Athlete Racial Demographics from Eight Sports (2008-2018) 255
Race and Sport: Professional Level 268
Table 5.6: 2018 Racial and Gender Report Card Grades for Professional Sport 270
Documents 272
Blackhorse v. Pro-Football Inc. (2014) 272
Stolen Identities: The Impact of Racist Stereotypes on Indigenous People (2011) 276
Flood v. Kuhn (1972) 278
Clay v. United States (1971) 282
H. Res. 77 Encouraging the Development of Best Business Practices to Fully Utilize the Potential of the United States (2017) 288
References 291
6 Resources 295
Books 296
Articles 322
Films 327
Reports and Internet Sites 331
7 Chronology 335
Glossary 349
Index 353
