Table of Contents
2019 Nobel Lecture: How Physical Cosmology Grew xi
Preface xxv
I The Development of Physical Cosmology 3
1 The Standard Cosmological Model 3
2 Mach's Principle and the Cosmological Principle 10
3 The Realm of the Nebulae 16
Discovery
Hubble's Test for the Space Distribution
Mapping the Galaxy
Distribution
Galaxies
Coordinate and Magnitude Systems
A. Einstein's World Model 58
Geometry
Dynamics
Gravitational Instability
Ages of Stars and Stellar Systems
5 The Expanding Universe 70
Expansion Law
Line Element
Steps in the Discovery
Observational Basis for Hubble's Law
Theoretical Significance of the Expansion
Horizons
Parameters
Time and Length Scales
Gravitational Instability
The Galaxy Luminosity Function and Luminosity Density
Oblers' Paradox and the Light of the Night Sky
6 The Thermal Cosmic Background Radiation 131
The 2.7K Background Radiation
Blackbody Radiation in an Expanding Universe
Discovery
Aether Drift Observation
Aether Drift Theory
Characteristic Quantities for the CBR
Relict Neutrinos
Thermal Ionization
Recombination Rate
Coupling of Matter and the CBR
Interaction with Relativistic Particles
Helium Production
7 Alternative Cosmologies 196
Milne
The Steady-State Cosmology
Plasma Universe
Fractal Universe and Large-Scale Departures from Homogeneity
Noncosmological Redshifts
Is There More?
II General Relativity and Cosmology 227
8 General Covariance 227
Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors
The Metric Tensor
Permutation Symbol
Integrals and Derivatives
The Curvature Tensor
9 Motions of Free Test Particles 244
Geodesic Equation of Motion
Geodesic and Synchronous Coordinates
Massless Particles
Geodesic Deviation
10 Field Equations 256
Scalar Field Equation
Stress-Energy Tensor
Einstein's Gravitational Field Equation
Small-Scale Limit
Weak-field Limit
Gravitational Deflection of Light
Large-Scale Density Fluctuations in an Expanding Universe
11 Wall, String, and Spherical Solutions 280
Walls
Cosmic Strings
Schwarzschild Solution and Birkhoff's Theorem
Spherical Lemaître-Tolman Solution
Gravitational Green's Function
Schwarzschild Solution in a Cosmological Model
12 Robertson-Walker Geometry 298
Forms for the Line Element
Spherical Trigonometry
De Sitter Solution
13 Neoclassical Cosmological Tests 310
Lookback Time
Angular Size Distance
The Neoclassical Tests
Evolution of Linear Density Perturbations
14 Cosmology in an Inhomogeneous Universe 343
The Sachs Optical Equations
Fluxes and Solid Angles
Orders of Magnitude
III Topics in Modern Cosmology 361
15 Challenges for the Standard Model 361
Initial Conditions
The Dicke Coincidences
Phoenix Universe
Planck Limit
16 Walls, Strings, Monopoles, and Textures 373
Model Lagrangian
Domain Walls
Cosmic Strings
Hedgehogs and Monopoles
Textures
Lessons
17 Inflation 392
Scenario
Constraints
Density Fluctuations
18 Dark Matter 417
Historical Remarks
Baryonic Matter in Our Neighborhood
Cores of Galaxies
Microlensing
Hot Dark Matter
Cold Dark Matter
Cosmological Constant
Antimatter
19 Measures of the Galaxy Distribution 457
Correlation Functions
Galaxy Correlation Functions
Bounded Galaxy Clustering Hierarchy
Walls, Clusters, and Scaling
20 Dynamical Mass Measures 475
Estimates of the Density Parameter
Galaxy Relative Velocity Dispersion
The Local Group
Rich Clusters
Large-Scale Velocity Fields
21 The Large-Scale Mass Distribution 500
Sachs-Wolfe Relation
Layzer-Irvine Equation
Second Moments
Numerical Estimates
Lessons
22 Gravitational Evolution 527
Evolution of the Power Spectrum
The First Generation: Zel'dovich Pancakes
Accretion Models
Origin of the Rotation of Galaxies
The Epoch of Galaxy Formation
Scaling
23 Young Galaxies and the Intergalactic Medium 548
Gunn-Peterson Test
Ionization
Column Densities in Clouds Voung Galaxies
Lyman-Alpha Forest Clouds
Summary
Resonance Line Shape
24 Diffuse Matter and the Cosmic Radiation Backgrounds 573
Thermal Bremsstrahlung
Compton-Thomson Scattering
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in Clusters
Constraints on the Intergalactic Medium
Scattering the Cosmic Background Radiation at Redshifts z ≤100
Electron Scattering and Anisotropies in the CBR
Kompaneets Equation
25 Galaxy Formation 608
Timetable for Structure Formation
Ingredients for a Model
The Cold Dark Matter Model
Formation of Ousters of Galaxies
The First Generation in the CDM Model
Biasing and the Mean Mass Density
The Adiabatic Hot Dark Matter Model
"Top-down" and "Bottom-up" Galaxy Formation
Isocurvature Hot Dark Matter Scenarios
Explosions and the Large-Scale Velocity Field
Cosmic Fields and the Segregation of Galaxy Seeds
Primeval Magnetic Fields
Baryonic Dark Matter
26 Lessons and Issues 663
The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
The Contents The Physics
The Cosmological Tests
Cosmic Evolution
The Very Early Universe
References 685
Index 711
