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Overview
Evidence suggests that both adults and youth are abusing a wider range of prescription drugs and abusing them more frequently than has been the case in the past. Prescription drugs are the second most common class of drugs abused by Americans, more than twice as commonly abused as cocaine, and five times as commonly abused as heroin. This book provides readers with information about the specific health effects that can result from using certain types of medical chemicals, particularly opioid analgesics, stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenics; explains the most important factors that have led to the growth of prescription drug problems; and reviews the current status of the issue in the United States and other nations.
Readers will learn about the dangers associated with the use of prescription drugs for nonmedical purposes, the methods that have been put in place and are being developed to prevent the abuse of prescription drugs, and the trends in prescription drug misuse, with possible explanations for these trends. The book also reviews some of the steps being taken by governments and other organizations and agencies to combat the problem of prescription drug abuse.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781440839788 |
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Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
Publication date: | 12/07/2015 |
Series: | Contemporary World Issues |
Pages: | 392 |
Product dimensions: | 6.30(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.30(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Background and History 3
Drug Use in the Ancient World 5
A Short History of Opium 10
A Multitude of Opium Products 13
Laudanum 13
Morphine 16
Other Natural Opiates 19
Semisynthetic Opioids 20
Synthetic Opioids 23
Rising Concerns about the Opioids 24
Opium Addiction among the Chinese and Other Immigrants 25
Opium Addiction among Women 27
Opium Availability 29
Patent Medicines 30
Legislative Responses 32
Controlled Substance Act of 1970 40
The Evolution of Prescription Drugs 41
Prescription Drugs in the 21st Century 45
Conclusion 49
References 50
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 69
Demographics 71
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: Statistics 71
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: Mortality and Morbidity Data 76
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: First-Time Use 79
The International Scene 80
Misused Prescription Drugs 82
Opioids 84
Stimulants 88
CNS Depressants 92
Over-the-Counter Medications 94
Prevention 97
The Etiology of Prescriprion Drug Abuse 98
Sources of Prescription Drugs 101
Prevention Programs 104
Tracking and Monitoring 109
Proper Medication Disposal 111
Enforcement 112
Treatment 115
Opioids 116
Stimulants and Depressants 118
Summary and Conclusion 118
References 119
3 Perspectives 131
State Efforts to Curb the Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic: Carmen A. Catizone 131
Communicative Behavior: Nicholas E. Hagemeier 136
A Perfect Storm for Prescription Drug Misuse: Kenneth M. Hale 140
Prescription Drug Abuse: Ginger Katz 145
The Dangers of Smart Drugs: College Students' Prescription Drug Addiction: Troy Keslar 148
Fighting Prescription Opioid Abuse Shouldn't Increase Pain for Patients: Srinivas Nalamachu 151
Prescription Drugs and the Brain: Maia Pujara 156
Can Information Technology Help Curb Prescription Drug Abuse?: Jeremy Summers 160
4 Profiles 167
Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies 167
American Society of Addiction Medicine 169
AwarXE 172
Hale Boggs (1914-1972/1973) 175
Mary Bono (1961-) 176
Center for Lawful Access and Abuse Deterrence 178
Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America 180
Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) 183
Drug Enforcement Administration 185
Carl Durham (1892-1974) 187
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 190
Francis B. Harrison (1873-1957) 191
Felix Hoffmann (1868-1946) 193
Hubert Humphrey (1911-1978) 194
The Medicine Abuse Project 197
Mothers against Prescription Drug Abuse 199
The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment 200
National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities 202
National Coalition Against Prescription Drug Abuse 204
National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. 205
National Council on Patient Information and Education 207
National Institute on Drug Abuse 209
Nope Task Force 212
Office of National Drug Control Policy 213
Pain Therapy Access Physicians Working Group 216
PhRMA, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America 217
Harold ("Hal") Rogers (1937-) 218
Friedrich Sertürner (1783-1841) 220
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 221
Charles E. Terry (1878-1945) 224
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 227
Hamilton Wright (1867-1917) 229
5 Data and Documents 233
Data 233
Table 5.1 Prescription Drug Overdose Death Rates by Selected Characteristics (2008) 233
Table 5.2 Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic Drug in the Past Month among Persons Aged 12 and Over, by Age, Sex, Race, and Race/Ethnicity: United States, Selected Years 2002-2012 (Percentage of Population) 234
Table 5.3 Rates of Drug Overdose Death, Nonmedical Use of Opioid Pain Relievers (OPR), and OPR Sales, by State (2008) 235
Table 5.4 Death Rates for Drug Poisoning and Drug Poisoning Involving Opioid Analgesics, by Sex, Age, Race, and Race/Ethnicity: United States, Selected Years 1999-2010 (Drug Poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics per 100,000 Resident Population) 237
Table 5.5 Emergency Department (ED) Visits Involving Nonmedical Use of Pharmaceuticals, by Selected Drugs 2011 238
Table 5.6 Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drug for Grades 8, 10, and 12 Combined (as Percentages) 241
Table 5.7 Trends in Harmfulness of Drugs as Perceived by 12th Graders (as Percentages) 241
Documents 242
Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 242
Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) 243
United States v, Jin Fuey Moy (1916) 245
United States v. Doremus (1919) 245
Webb v. United States (1919) 245
Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951) 249
Controlled Substances Act (1970) 250
Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 255
Prescription Monitoring Program. State of Oregon (2009) 258
Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-273, 124 Stat. 2858) 260
Between Peril and Promise: Facing the Dangers of VA's Skyrocketing Use of Prescription Painkillers to Treat Veterans (2013) 262
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (2014) 264
State Doctor Shopping Laws 267
6 Resources 271
7 Chronology 313
8 Glossary 325
Index 331
About the Author 369