Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Preface xiii
1 What's Programming? 1
Programs and Programming 2
What's a Programming Language? 3
What's a Bug? 4
The Difference Between Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses 5
Installing Python 5
2 Hello, Python 7
How Does a Computer Run a Python Program? 7
Expressions and Values: Arithmetic in Python 9
What Is a Type? 12
Variables and Computer Memory: Remembering Values 15
How Python Tells You Something Went Wrong 22
A Single Statement That Spans Multiple Lines 23
Describing Code 25
Making Code Readable 26
The Object of This Chapter 27
Exercises 27
3 Designing and Using Functions 31
Functions That Python Provides 31
Memory Addresses: How Python Keeps Track of Values 34
Defining Our Own Functions 35
Using Local Variables for Temporary Storage 39
Tracing Function Calls in the Memory Model 40
Designing New Functions: A Recipe 47
Writing and Running a Program 58
Omitting a return Statement: None 60
Dealing with Situations That Your Code Doesn't Handle 61
What Did You Call That? 62
Exercises 63
4 Working with Text 65
Creating Strings of Characters 65
Using Special Characters in Strings 68
Creating a Multiline String 70
Printing Information 70
Getting Information from the Keyboard 73
Quotes About Strings 74
Exercises 75
5 Making Choices 77
A Boolean Type 77
Choosing Which Statements to Execute 86
Nested if Statements 92
Remembering Results of a Boolean Expression Evaluation 92
You Learned About Booleans: True or False? 94
Exercises 94
6 A Modular Approach to Program Organization 99
Importing Modules 100
Defining Your Own Modules 104
Testing Your Code Semiautomatically 110
Tips for Grouping Your Functions 112
Organizing Our Thoughts 113
Exercises 113
7 Using Methods 115
Modules, Classes, and Methods 115
Calling Methods the Object-Oriented Way 117
Exploring String Methods 119
What Are Those Underscores? 123
A Methodical Review 125
Exercises 126
8 Storing Collections of Data Using Lists 129
Storing and Accessing Data in Lists 129
Type Annotations for Lists 133
Modifying Lists 133
Operations on Lists 135
Slicing Lists 137
Aliasing: What's in a Name? 139
List Methods 141
Working with a List of Lists 142
A Summary List 145
Exercises 145
9 Repeating Code Using Loops 149
Processing Items in a List 149
Processing Characters in Strings 151
Looping Over a Range of Numbers 152
Processing Lists Using Indices 154
Nesting Loops in Loops 156
Looping Until a Condition Is Reached 160
Repetition Based on User Input 162
Controlling Loops Using break and continue 163
Repeating What You've Learned 167
Exercises 168
10 Reading and Writing Files 173
What Kinds of Files Are There? 173
Opening a File 175
Techniques for Reading Files 179
Files over the Internet 183
Writing Files 185
Writing Example Calls Using StringIO 186
Writing Algorithms That Use the File-Reading Techniques 188
Multiline Records 195
Looking Ahead 198
Notes to File Away 200
Exercises 201
11 Storing Data Using Other Collection Types 203
Storing Data Using Sets 203
Storing Data Using Tuples 209
Storing Data Using Dictionaries 214
Inverting a Dictionary 222
Using the in Operator on Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries 223
Comparing Collections 224
Creating New Type Annotations 224
A Collection of New Information 226
Exercises 226
12 Designing Algorithms 229
Searching for the Two Smallest Values 230
Timing the Functions 238
At a Minimum, You Saw This 240
Exercises 240
13 Searching and Sorting 243
Searching a List 243
Binary Search 250
Sorting 256
More Efficient Sorting Algorithms 265
Merge Sort: A Faster Sorting Algorithm 266
Sorting Out What You Learned 270
Exercises 272
14 Object-Oriented Programming 275
Understanding a Problem Domain 276
Function isinstance, Class object, and Class Book 277
Writing a Method in Class Book 280
Plugging into Python Syntax: More Special Methods 285
A Little Bit of OO Theory 288
A Case Study: Molecules, Atoms, and PDB Files 293
Classifying What You've Learned 297
Exercises 298
15 Testing and Debugging 303
Why Do You Need to Test? 303
Case Study: Testing above_freezing 304
Case Study: Testing running_sum 309
Choosing Test Cases 315
Hunting Bugs 316
Bugs We've Put in Your Ear 317
Exercises 317
16 Creating Graphical User Interfaces 321
Using Module tkinter 321
Building a Basic GUI 323
Models, Views, and Controllers, Oh My! 327
Customizing the Visual Style 331
Introducing a Few More Widgets 335
Object-Oriented GUIs 338
Keeping the Concepts from Being a GUI Mess 339
Exercises 340
17 Databases 343
Overview 343
Creating and Populating 344
Retrieving Data 348
Updating and Deleting 351
Using NULL for Missing Data 352
Using Joins to Combine Tables 353
Keys and Constraints 357
Advanced Features 358
Some Data Based On What You Learned 364
Exercises 365
Bibliography 369
Index 371
