Port Business: Second Edition / Edition 1

by J rgen Sorgenfrei

Overview

Port Business is essential reading for all those with an interest in trade and transportation and the role of ports in the global supply chain. It discusses the various types of ports in existence, identifies the major ports per category, analyzes what the key business drivers are, describes their governance, how they are managed, which trends influence them, and what kind of impact they have on supply chains.

Dr. Jürgen Sorgenfrei uses his significant consulting and project development experience within the international ports, shipping, rail & logistics sector, and in global economics, trade, analytics, and forecasting as well as in intermodal hinterland transport to provide this comprehensive overview of port management. The book is a combination of a strong background in principles and practical knowledge and is an indispensable resource for those interested in maritime economics.

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Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781547417025
Publisher:	De Gruyter
Publication date:	09/24/2018
Edition description:	2nd ed.
Pages:	560
Sales rank:	1,093,878
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.06(h) x (d)
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

Jürgen Sorgenfrei, Vice President Consulting, MWP Management & Logistics Consulting, Hamburg

Table of Contents

Part 1: Development of Ports  1

Chapter 1: History of Ports: The Ten Aims of a Port  3

1.1 Ancient Egypt  3

1.2 Roman Empire  7

1.3 Constantinople  12

1.4 Venice and the Mediterranean Merchant Trade  15

1.5 Imperial China: Early Ming Dynasty  16

1.6 Hanseatic League  20

1.7 Historical Drivers of Port Development  28

Chapter 2: Driver of Port Business  31

2.1 Economic Drivers  33

2.2 Political Drivers  35

2.3 Logistical Drivers  38

2.4 Technical Drivers  40

2.5 Financial Drivers  44

2.6 The “Port Model”  45

2.7 Impact on “Port Master Planning” Process  49

Chapter 3: Major Commercial Ports  51

3.1 Classification of Ports  51

3.2 Container Ports  56

3.3 General Cargo Ports  61

3.4 Liquid Bulk Ports  65

3.5 Dry Bulk Ports  67

3.6 RoRo Ports  68

3.7 Ferry Ports  72

3.8 Passenger Ports  73

3.9 Cruise Ports  75

Part 2: Ports in Maritime Supply Chain  79

Chapter 4: The Role of Ports in Supply Chains  81

4.1 Definition “Ports”  81

4.2 Port Functions  83

4.3 Port Customer Groups  84

4.4 Port Cluster  86

4.5 “Port” Terms in Common Use  87

Port versus Terminal  87

Container Port  89

General Cargo Port  90

Bulk Port  90

RoRo Port  90

Ferry Port  90

Passenger Port  91

Cruise Port  91

Universal Port  91

Dedicated Port/Terminal  91

Main Port  93

Major Port  93

Minor Port  94

Hub Port + Feeder Port  94

Gateway Port  96

Way Port/Zero-Deviation Port  97

Transhipment Port + Transit Port  97

Regional Port  100

Sea Port  101

Deep Water Port  101

River Port  102

Inland Port  103

Dry Port  103

Free Port  103

State Port/Service Port/Public Port  104

Autonomous Port  104

Tool Port  104

Landlord Port  104

Private Port  105

Industrial Port/Factory Port  105

Home Port (Cruise)  105

Commercial Port/Noncommercial Port  106

Statistical Port  106

Big Port  106

Chapter 5: Trade & Transportation  107

5.1 Macroeconomic Relations  107

5.2 Drivers of Global Trade  116

Political Alliances and Free Trade Agreements  116

Deregulation and Privatization of Public Services  117

Distribution of Natural Resources  118

Globalization of Sourcing and Production  119

Spreading Out of Buyer Markets  120

Environmental Awareness  121

Innovations  122

Integrated Supply Chain Logistics  122

5.3 Antitrade Movements/Protectionism  123

5.4 Transport Value and Affinity  125

5.5 International Commercial Terms  131

Chapter 6: Ports in Transportation Chain  137

6.1 The Role of Ports in Supply Chain  137

6.2 Port Hinterland  143

Loco-Potential  147

6.3 Ports and Shipping Networks  148

Shipping Networks  148

Port Networks  154

6.4 Port Costs in Transportation Chains  161

Chapter 7: Cargoes  165

7.1 Port Cargo Categories  168

Liquid Bulk  171

Dry Bulk  173

General Cargo, Break Bulk, Heavy Lift, Oversized  174

Container  177

RoRo Cargo  179

All Cargoes  180

7.2 Cargo Measurement  183

Linear Measure or Unit of Length: Two-Dimensional  184

Solid Measure or Cubic Measure: Three-Dimensional  185

Weight Measure/Ton Deinitions  185

Billing Systems: Weight + Volume  187

Arabesque: Additional “Ton” Definitions  189

Unit Measure  191

Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)  191

Intermodal Transport Unit (ITU)  193

Flat or Flat Rack  193

RoRo Unit or RoRo Flat  193

Car Equivalent Unit (CEU)  194

Verified Gross Mass (VGM)  195

7.3 Errors in Port Cargo Measurement  195

Workflow Difficulties  196

Ineffective Enforcement  196

Perception that Weight Is Peripheral  196

Using Different Standards to Measure  197

Statistical Consequences  198

Part 3: Port Management  203

Chapter 8: Frame Conditions  205

8.1 Port Business Environment  205

8.2 Basic Management Concepts  208

8.3 Port Labor Organization  217

8.4 Cultural and Religious Influence  220

Chapter 9: Port Commercialization and Privatization  223

9.1 Background for Port Reform  223

9.2 Commercialization  225

9.3 Privatization  227

The French Example  228

9.4 Ways to Privatize  229

Chapter 10: Port Governance  233

10.1 Port Authorities  233

10.2 Sphere of Activity: The PA-Paradox  238

10.3 Objectives of a Port Authority  243

10.4 PA Task Overview  248

Executive Management  248

Strategic Planning  249

Engineering and Real Estate  251

Access Channel and Turning Basins  252

Finance and Administration  253

Legal  257

Human Resources  259

Origination/Business Development  259

Public Affairs and Economic Analysis  260

Port Security and Emergency Operations  261

Terminal Operations (Optional; Often for Smaller Ports)  262

10.5 Port Policy and Regulation  263

10.6 Intraport Competition  266

10.7 Case Studies  269

Port of Rotterdam Authority, The Netherlands  270

The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, Singapore  274

Port of Los Angeles, USA  277

Chapter 11: Port Operator  283

11.1 Classification  284

11.2 Terminal Operator  288

11.3 Port Facilities Operator  292

11.4 Port Service Operator  294

11.5 Global Container Terminal Operator  296

11.6 Terminal Operators Growth Path  310

Chapter 12: Port Cost Analysis  313

12.1 Port Dues  316

12.2 Cargo Fees  323

12.3 Miscellaneous  325

12.4 Port Costs Benchmarking  326

Chapter 13: Cargo Demand Forecasting  331

13.1 Port Master Plan  332

13.2 Demand Forecasting Models  335

13.3 Case Studies  341

Chapter 14: Financing Port Development  345

14.1 Financial Planning  348

14.2 Public-Private Partnerships  353

Principles of Port Investment Finance  354

Financing Structure  355

Debt  356

Equity  357

14.3 Alternative Port Financing and Management Schemes  357

Chapter 15: Lobbying  361

15.1 Mission of Port Lobbying  362

15.2 Players and Target Groups  363

15.3 Advocate of Port Policy  369

15.4 Port Marketing  372

Part 4: Subjects with a Major Impact on

Port Business  377

Chapter 16: Increased Economic Efficiency  379

16.1 Economies of Scale for Ships and Ports  379

Container Vessel Size  379

Larger Terminals  383

Deep Water  384

Dedicated Terminals; Vertical Integration; Concentration  385

Horizontal Integration  386

16.2 Performance Measurement  387

Technical Port and Terminal Indicator  387

Trade Indicator  389

Weighting Rules  391

16.3 Productivity of Container Terminals  392

16.4 Overcoming Market Imbalances  401

16.5 Port Competition  402

Chapter 17: Tendency to Oligopolize  405

17.1 “Big Is Beautiful”—Impact of Mega Vessels  406

17.2 Vertical Integration of Services  410

17.3 Horizontal Integration of Services  413

Chapter 18: Affairs of Geostrategic Concern  417

18.1 Port Positioning in Global Container Trade  417

18.2 Offshore Resourcing  421

18.3 OBOR/BRI/New Maritime Silk Road  424

18.4 Arctic Shipping  427

Chapter 19: Global Maritime Bottlenecks  431

19.1 Major Oil Chokepoints  431

19.2 Strategic Canals: Panama, Suez, etc.  437

19.3 Backlash on Ports  445

Chapter 20: Port-City Interface  447

20.1 Historic Port-City Relations  447

20.2 Regional & City Development Policies  450

20.3 Port Industry  452

20.4 Cruise Shipping/Tourism  455

20.5 Port Hinterland Access  457

Chapter 21: Port Community Systems  461

21.1 Background of PCS  461

International PCS Association—Definitions  463

Typical PCS Services  464

21.2 Big Data in Port Business  465

21.3 Maritime 4.0  468

21.4 Game Changer: Blockchain  470

Chapter 22: Environmental Issues  473

22.1 Emission Control Areas  475

22.2 Bunker Fuel  480

Alternatives—LNG, Methanol, and Scrubbers  483

22.3 Green Ships  484

22.4 Green Ports  486

22.5 Marine Environment  488

Appendices  491

Appendix A: Abbreviations  493

Appendix B: Glossary  499

Appendix C: Bibliography  511

Articles and Working Papers  511

Books  512

Dissertations and Theses  514

Magazines, Newspapers, and Periodicals  516

Maritime Statistics  517

Private Reports and Documents  517

Public Internet Websites (plus date when visited)  518

Appendix D: Definition: “Container”  521

Index  527