Polymer Blends and Composites

by John A. Manson, Leslie H. Sperling

Overview

The need for writing a monograph on polymer blends and composites became apparent during presentation of material on this subject to our advanced polymers class. Although the flood of important research in this area in the past decade has resulted in many symposia, edited collections of papers, reviews, contributions to scientific journals, and patents, apparently no organized presentation in book form has been forthcoming. In a closely connected way, another strong impetus for writing this monograph arose out of our research programs in the Materials Research Center at Lehigh University. As part of this effort, we had naturally compiled hundreds of references and become acquainted with many leaders in the field of blend and composite research. Perhaps the most important concept stressed over and over again is that engineering materials are useful because of their complexity, not in spite of it. Blends and composites are toughened because many modes of resistance to failure are available. Although such multimechanism processes are diffi­ cult to describe with a unified theory. we have presented available developments in juxtaposition with the experimental portions. The arguments somewhat resemble the classical discussion of resonance in organic chemistry, where molecular structures increase in stability as more electronic configura­ tions become available.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780306308314
Publisher:	Basic Books
Publication date:	10/01/1976
Pages:	514
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.31(d)

Table of Contents

1. Homopolymer Structure and Behavior.- 1.1. High Polymers.- 1.2. Molecular Size and Shape.- 1.3. Molecular Structure.- 1.4. Crystallinity and Order.- 1.5. Mechanical Response: Elasticity and Viscoelasticity.- 1.6. Energetics and Mechanics of Fracture.- 1.7. Mechanical Testing of Polymers.- Appendix A. Polymer Synthesis.- Appendix B. Basic Mechanical Properties and Relationships.- Bibliography of Polymer Books and Journals.- 2. General Behavior of Polymer Mixtures.- 2.1. Methods of Mixing Polymer Pairs.- 2.2. Interdiffusion.- 2.3. Nomenclature.- 2.4. Electron Microscopy.- 2.5. The Incompatibility Problem.- 2.6. Bulk Behavior of Two-Phase Polymeric Materials.- 2.7. Analogy between Polymer Blends and Crystalline Homopolymers.- 2.8. Polymer Blend Chronology.- Appendix A. Counterpart Phase Separation Characteristics of Metallic Alloys and Inorganic Glasses.- Bibliography of Polymer Blend Symposia.- 3. Rubber-Toughened Plastics.- 3.1. Synthesis and Morphology.- 3.2. Physical and Mechanical Behavior of Polyblends.- 3.3. Optical Properties of Polyblends.- 3.4. Oxidation and Weathering of Polyblends.- 4. Diblock and Triblock Copolymers.- 4.1. Synthesis.- 4.2. Solution Behavior of Block Copolymers.- 4.3. Plastic Compositions.- 4.4. Thermoplastic Elastomers.- 4.5. Long-Range Domain Order.- 4.6. Thermodynamics of Domain Characteristics.- 4.7. Thermodynamic Criteria for Phase Separation.- 4.8. Effect of Solvent Casting on Morphology.- 4.9. Effect of Deformation on Morphology.- 4.10. Mixtures of A–B Blocks with A and B Mechanical Blends.- 4.11. Rheological Behavior of Block Copolymers.- 5. Multiblock Copolymers, Including Ionomers.- 5.1. Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers.- 5.2. Carboxylic Rubbers and Ionomers.- 6. Crystalline Block Copolymers.- 6.1. Crystallizable BlockCopolymers: Styrene-Ethylene Oxide.- 6.2. Crystallization: General Aspects.- 6.3. Kinetics of Crystallization.- 6.4. Siloxane Block Copolymers.- 6.5. Polyallomers.- 6.6. Summary of Block Copolymer Systems.- 7. Miscellaneous Grafted Copolymers.- 7.1. General Considerations.- 7.2. Surface Graft Copolymers.- 7.3. Degradation and Crosslinking Reactions.- 7.4. Grafting onto Cellulosic Materials.- 7.5. Nylon Graft Copolymers.- 7.7. Multipolymer Grafts.- 7.8. Cationic Graft Copolymers.- 8. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks.- 8.1. Synthesis.- 8.2. Morphology of IPN’s.- 8.3. Physical and Mechanical Behavior of IPN’s.- 8.4. Ultimate Mechanical Behavior of IPN’s.- 8.5. Interpenetrating Elastomeric Networks (IEN’s).- 8.6. Semi-IPN Structure and Properties.- 8.7. AB Crosslinked Copolymers.- 8.8. Topology of IPN’s.- 8.9. Dual Phase Continuity in IPN’s.- 9. Miscellaneous Polymer Blends.- 9.1. Rubber-Rubber Polyblends.- 9.2. Bicomponent and Biconstituent Fibers.- 9.3. Multilayer Films by Melt Coextrusion.- 9.4. Synthetic Paper Polyblends.- 9.5. Charge-Mosaic Membranes.- 9.6. Flow and Morphology of Two-Component Systems.- 9.7. Compatible Polymer Blends.- 9.8. Wood As a Polyblend-Composite.- 9.9. Association Complexes.- 10. Reinforcement of Elastomers.- 10.1. Historical Aspects.- 10.2. Types of Fillers.- 10.3. Size and Surface Characteristics of Elastomer Reinforcers.- 10.4. Aggregation and Agglomeration.- 10.5. Bound Rubber.- 10.6. The Mullins Softening Effect.- 10.7. Viscoelastic Rupture of Reinforced Elastomers.- 10.8. Restriction of Molecular Mobility by Filler Surfaces.- 10.9. Thermodynamic Aspects of Reinforcement.- 10.10. Swelling Anomalies in Filled Elastomers.- 10.11. Guth-Smallwood Relationship.- 10.12. Crystallizing Elastomers.- 10.13. Model Elastomer-FillerSystems.- 10.14. Effect of Pressure on Reinforcement.- 10.15. Relative Importance of Reinforcement Modes.- 11. Filled Porous Systems.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Polymer-Impregnated Wood.- 11.3. Polymer-Impregnated Cements, Mortars, and Concretes.- 12. Particle-and Fiber-Reinforced Plastics.- 12.1. Particulate Phases.- 12.2. Fiber-Reinforced Composites.- 12.3. Matrix and Interface Behavior.- Appendix A. Typical Equations Used to Predict Moduli of Particulate Composites.- 13. A Peek into the Future.- 13.1. Classification Scheme for Composite Materials.- 13.2. Classification of Polymer Blends.- 13.3. Polymeric Eutectics.- 13.4. The Polymer Mixing Problem.- 13.5. Noise and Vibration Damping.- 13.6. Paints and Adhesives.- 13.7. An Old Art in a Changing World.- References.- Polymer Index.