![Physics of Digital Photography](http://img.images-bn.com/static/redesign/srcs/images/grey-box.png?v11.9.4)
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Overview
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780750312431 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Iop Publishing Ltd |
Publication date: | 06/29/2017 |
Pages: | 329 |
Product dimensions: | 7.33(w) x 10.53(h) x 0.96(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
About the author xiv
Acronyms xv
1 Fundamental optical formulae 1-1
1.1 Image formation 1-2
1.1.1 Refraction 1-2
1.1.2 Gaussian optics 1-3
1.1.3 Lens refractive power 1-8
1.1.4 Magnification 1-13
1.1.5 Focal length 1-14
1.1.6 Lens focusing movement 1-17
1.2 Field of view 1-21
1.2.1 Entrance and exit pupils 1-22
1.2.2 Chief and marginal rays 1-23
1.2.3 Angular field of view 1-24
1.2.4 Field of view area 1-28
1.2.5 Focal-length multiplier 1-29
1.3 Depth of field 1-30
1.3.1 Circle of confusion 1-30
1.3.2 Depth of field equations 1-32
1.3.3 Hyperfocal distance 1-37
1.3.4 Focus and recompose limits 1-38
1.3.5 Keystone distortion 1-40
1.4 Exposure 1-42
1.4.1 Photometry 1-43
1.4.2 Flux emitted into a cone 1-44
1.4.3 Relative aperture 1-47
1.4.4 F-number 1-49
1.4.5 Working f-number 1-50
1.4.6 F-stop 1-52
1.4.7 Natural vignetting 1-52
1.4.8 Photometric exposure 1-54
1.4.9 Exposure value 1-56
1.4.10 F-number for aplanatic lenses 1-57
Bibliography 1-61
2 Exposure strategy 2-1
2.1 Digital output 2-2
2.1.1 Sensor response 2-2
2.1.2 Colour 2-3
2.1.3 Digital output levels 2-4
2.1.4 Dynamic range 2-5
2.1.5 Tonal range 2-7
2.1.6 Tone reproduction 2-7
2.1.7 Gamma 2-8
2.1.8 Tone curves 2-14
2.1.9 Histograms 2-16
2.2 Average photometry 2-17
2.2.1 Reflected-light metering 2-18
2.2.2 Meter calibration 2-19
2.2.3 Average scene luminance 2-22
2.3 Exposure index 2-23
2.3.1 ISO speed 2-24
2.3.2 Standard output sensitivity 2-27
2.3.3 Recommended exposure index 2-29
2.3.4 Extended highlights 2-29
2.4 Exposure modes 2-31
2.4.1 Metering modes 2-31
2.4.2 Exposure compensation 2-32
2.4.3 Aperture priority (A or Av) 2-32
2.4.4 Shutter priority (S or Tv) 2-33
2.4.5 Program mode (P) 2-34
2.4.6 Manual mode (M) 2-34
Bibliography 2-35
3 Raw data model 3-1
3.1 Linear systems theory 3-2
3.1.1 Radiometry 3-3
3.1.2 Ideal image 3-5
3.1.3 Point-spread function (PSF) 3-6
3.1.4 Convolution 3-7
3.1.5 Optical transfer function 3-12
3.1.6 Modulation transfer function (MTF) 3-13
3.1.7 Phase transfer function 3-15
3.1.8 Model camera system 3-16
3.2 Optics 3-17
3.2.1 Wave optics 3-17
3.2.2 Huygens-Fresnel principle 3-20
3.2.3 Aperture diffraction PSF 3-21
3.2.4 Circular aperture: Airy disk 3-27
3.2.5 Aperture diffraction MTF 3-29
3.2.6 Wavefront error 3-31
3.2.7 Polarisation 3-34
3.3 Sensor 3-39
3.3.1 Irradiance spatial integration 3-39
3.3.2 Detector-aperture PSF 3-40
3.3.3 Detector-aperture MTF 3-42
3.4 Optical low-pass filter 3-44
3.4.1 Sampling theorem 3-44
3.4.2 Sensor Nyquist frequency 3-48
3.4.3 Pre-filtering 3-50
3.4.4 Four-spot filter PSF 3-50
3.4.5 Four-spot filter MTF 3-51
3.5 Real image 3-52
3.5.1 System PSF 3-53
3.5.2 System MTF 3-54
3.6 Sensor signal 3-55
3.6.1 Charge collection 3-55
3.6.2 Colour filter array 3-58
3.6.3 Spectral responsivity 3-58
3.6.4 Polychromatic PSF and MTF 3-60
3.7 Analog-to-digital conversion 3-61
3.7.1 Charge detection 3-61
3.7.2 ISO gain 3-62
3.7.3 Digital numbers 3-63
3.7.4 Conversion factor 3-63
3.7.5 Bias offset 3-65
3.8 Noise 2-65
3.8.1 Temporal noise 3-66
3.8.2 Fixed pattern noise 3-67
3.8.3 Noise measurement 3-68
3.8.4 Noise models 3-70
Bibliography 3-74
4 Raw conversion 4-1
4.1 Reference colour spaces 4-2
4.1.1 Physics of colour 4-2
4.1.2 Standard colourimetric observer 4-3
4.1.3 CIE RGB colour space 4-7
4.1.4 Chromaticity diagram (rg) 4-8
4.1.5 CIE XYZ colour space 4-9
4.1.6 Chromaticity diagram (xy) 4-11
4.1.7 Absolute colourimetry 4-13
4.1.8 Relative colourimetry 4-14
4.1.9 Reference white 4-14
4.2 Illumination 4-15
4.2.1 Colour temperature 4-15
4.2.2 Correlated colour temperature 4-15
4.2.3 White point 4-17
4.2.4 Standard illuminants 4-17
4.3 Camera raw space 4-18
4.3.1 Eye response functions 4-18
4.3.2 Camera response functions 4-20
4.3.3 Luther-Ives condition 4-22
4.3.4 Demosaicing methods 4-23
4.3.5 Camera colour characterisation 4-24
4.4 sRGB colour space 4-27
4.4.1 sRGB gamut 4-27
4.4.2 sRGB gamma 4-29
4.4.3 sRGB dynamic range 4-31
4.4.4 sRGB colour cube 4-31
4.5 White balance 4-32
4.5.1 Adopted white 4-34
4.5.2 Chromatic adaptation transforms 4-36
4.5.3 White balance strategies 4-39
4.6 Example 1: Adobe® DNG (raw to XYZ D50) 4-42
4.6.1 Method 1 (transformation matrix + CAT) 4-43
4.6.2 Method 2 (raw WB multipliers + forward matrix) 4-47
4.7 Example 2: dcraw (raw to sRGB D65) 4-52
4.8 Image editing 4-59
4.8.1 Colour management 4-59
4.8.2 Adobe® Photoshop® colour settings 4-61
4.8.3 Image resizing 4-65
Bibliography 4-67
5 Image quality 5-1
5.1 Perceived resolution 5-3
5.1.1 Observer resolving power 5-3
5.1.2 Circle of confusion specification 5-4
5.2 Cross-format comparisons 5-9
5.2.1 Equivalence ratio 5-10
5.2.2 Equivalence at infinity focus 5-11
5.2.3 Equivalence at arbitrary focus 5-15
5.2.4 Summary of equivalence 5-23
5.3 Lens MTF 5-25
5.3.1 Aberrations 5-25
5.3.2 Lens MTF plots 5-26
5.3.3 Lens MTF and sensor format 5-30
5.3.4 Lens resolving power 5-31
5.4 System MTF 5-34
5.4.1 System MTF and sensor format 5-34
5.4.2 System resolving power 5-35
5.5 Sharpness 5-36
5.5.1 Sharpness metrics 5-38
5.5.2 Image resampling 5-41
5.5.3 Diffraction softening 5-46
5.6 Signal-to-noise ratio 5-49
5.6.1 SNR and ISO setting 5-51
5.6.2 Shadow improvement 5-55
5.6.3 ISO invariance 5-56
5.6.4 SNR and pixel count 5-57
5.6.5 SNR and sensor format 5-59
5.7 Dynamic range 5-59
5.7.1 Engineering dynamic range 5-59
5.7.2 Photographic dynamic range 5-61
5.8 Practical strategies 5-63
5.8.1 Object resolution 5-64
5.8.2 Non-destructive noise reduction 5-66
5.8.3 Exposing to the right 5-68
Bibliography 5-72