Physics in Biology and Medicine / Edition 4

by Paul Davidovits

Overview

Paul Davidovits, Professor of Chemistry at Boston College, was co-awarded the prestigious R.W. Wood prize from the Optical Society of America for his seminal work in optics. His contribution was foundational in the field of confocal microscopy, which allows engineers and biologists to produce optical sections through 3D objects such as semiconductor circuits, living tissues, or a single cell. Dr. Davidovits earned his doctorate, masters, and undergraduate degrees from Columbia University. Prior to his appointment at Boston College, he was a faculty member at Yale University. He has published more than 150 papers in physical chemistry and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for Advancement of Science. The second edition of Physics in Biology and Medicine received the Alpha Sigma Nu Book Award in the Discipline of the Natural Sciences.

A PERFECT FIT TO COURSES IN PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS

Physics in Biology and Medicine, Fourth Edition covers topics in physics as they apply to the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, nursing, and other applied health fields. The text provides clear descriptions of medical devices and techniques such as MRI, CAT scan, and cochlear implant.

Physics in Biology and Medicine, Fourth Edition is a concise introductory paperback that surveys and relates basic physics to living systems. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively, and shows how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical and engineering analysis techniques.

• Provides practical techniques for applying knowledge of physics to the study of living systems
• Presents material in a straightforward manner requiring very little background in physics or biology
• Includes many figures, examples, illustrative problems, and appendices which provide convenient access to the most important concepts of mechanics, electricity, and optics
• An Instructor Solutions Manual is available at textbooks.elsevier.com
• Updated to include current research topics, including nanoscience, basal metabolism, laser imaging, and atomic force microscopy

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780123865137
Publisher:	Elsevier Science
Publication date:	12/05/2012
Series:	Complementary Science
Edition description:	Older Edition
Pages:	352
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.70(d)

About the Author

Professor of Chemistry at Boston College, was co-awarded the prestigious R.W. Wood prize from the Optical Society of America for his seminal work in optics. His contribution was foundational in the field of confocal microscopy, which allows engineers and biologists to produce optical sections through 3D objects such as semiconductor circuits, living tissues, or a single cell. He has published more than 150 papers in physical chemistry and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for Advancement of Science. The second edition of Physics in Biology and Medicine received the Alpha Sigma Nu Book Award in the Discipline of the Natural Sciences.

Table of Contents

	Preface	xiii
1	Static Forces	1
1.1	Equilibrium and Stability	2
1.2	Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body	3
1.3	Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an External Force	4
1.4	Skeletal Muscles	7
1.5	Levers	10
1.6	The Elbow	11
1.7	The Hip	15
1.7.1	Limping	17
1.8	The Back	17
1.9	Standing Tip-Toe on One Foot	19
1.10	Dynamic Aspects of Posture	19
	Exercises	21
2	Friction	23
2.1	Standing at an Incline	25
2.2	Friction at the Hip Joint	26
2.3	Spine Fin of a Catfish	27
	Exercises	28
3	Translational Motion	30
3.1	Vertical Jump	31
3.2	Effect of Gravity on the Vertical Jump	34
3.3	Running High Jump	35
3.4	Range of a Projectile	36
3.5	Standing Broad Jump	37
3.6	Running Broad Jump	38
3.7	Motion through Air	39
3.8	Energy Consumed in Physical Activity	41
	Exercises	42
4	Angular Motion	44
4.1	Forces on a Curved Path	44
4.2	A Runner on a Curved Track	46
4.3	Pendulum	47
4.4	Walking	48
4.5	Physical Pendulum	49
4.6	Speed of Walking and Running	50
4.7	Energy Expended in Running	52
	Exercises	54
5	Elasticity and Strength of Materials	56
5.1	Longitudinal Stretch and Compression	56
5.2	A Spring	57
5.3	Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations	59
5.4	Impulsive Forces	61
5.5	Fracture Due to a Fall: Impulsive Force Considerations	62
5.6	Airbags: Inflating Collision Protection Devices	63
5.7	Whiplash Injury	64
5.8	Falling from Great Height	65
	Exercises	65
6	Insect Flight	67
6.1	Hovering Flight	67
6.2	Insect Wing Muscles	69
6.3	Power Required for Hovering	70
6.4	Kinetic Energy of Wings in Flight	72
6.5	Elasticity of Wings	73
	Exercises	74
7	Fluids	76
7.1	Force and Pressure in a Fluid	76
7.2	Pascal's Principle	77
7.3	Hydrostatic Skeleton	78
7.4	Archimedes' Principle	81
7.5	Power Required to Remain Afloat	81
7.6	Buoyancy of Fish	82
7.7	Surface Tension	83
7.8	Soil Water	86
7.9	Insect Locomotion on Water	87
7.10	Contraction of Muscles	89
	Exercises	90
8	The Motion of Fluids	92
8.1	Bernoulli's Equation	92
8.2	Viscosity and Poiseuille's Law	94
8.3	Turbulent Flow	95
8.4	Circulation of the Blood	96
8.5	Blood Pressure	98
8.6	Control of Blood Flow	100
8.7	Energetics of Blood Flow	100
8.8	Turbulence in the Blood	101
8.9	Arteriosclerosis and Blood Flow	101
8.10	Power Produced by the Heart	103
8.11	Measurement of Blood Pressure	103
	Exercises	104
9	Heat and Kinetic Theory	106
9.1	Heat and Hotness	106
9.2	Kinetic Theory of Matter	106
9.3	Definitions	109
9.3.1	Unit of Heat	109
9.3.2	Specific Heat	109
9.3.3	Latent Heats	110
9.4	Transfer of Heat	110
9.4.1	Conduction	110
9.4.2	Convection	111
9.4.3	Radiation	112
9.4.4	Diffusion	113
9.5	Transport of Molecules by Diffusion	116
9.6	Diffusion through Membranes	118
9.7	The Respiratory System	119
9.8	Diffusion and Contact Lenses	122
	Exercises	122
10	Thermodynamics	124
10.1	First Law of Thermodynamics	124
10.2	Second Law of Thermodynamics	126
10.3	Difference between Heat and Other Forms of Energy	127
10.4	Thermodynamics of Living Systems	129
10.5	Information and the Second Law	132
	Exercises	133
11	Heat and Life	134
11.1	Energy Requirements of People	135
11.2	Energy from Food	136
11.3	Regulation of Body Temperature	138
11.4	Control of Skin Temperature	140
11.5	Convection	140
11.6	Radiation	142
11.7	Radiative Heating by the Sun	142
11.8	Evaporation	144
11.9	Resistance to Cold	145
11.10	Heat and Soil	147
	Exercises	148
12	Waves and Sound	151
12.1	Properties of Sound	151
12.2	Some Properties of Waves	154
12.2.1	Reflection and Refraction	154
12.2.2	Interference	155
12.2.3	Diffraction	157
12.3	Hearing and the Ear	157
12.3.1	The Performance of the Ear	160
12.3.2	Frequency and Pitch	161
12.3.3	Intensity and Loudness	162
12.4	Bats and Echoes	164
12.5	Sounds Produced by Animals	165
12.6	Clinical Uses of Sound	165
12.7	Ultrasonic Waves	166
	Exercises	167
13	Electricity	168
13.1	The Nervous System	168
13.1.1	The Neuron	169
13.1.2	Electrical Potentials in the Axon	171
13.1.3	The Action Potential	172
13.1.4	The Axon as an Electric Cable	174
13.1.5	Propagation of the Action Potential	175
13.1.6	An Analysis of the Axon Circuit	178
13.1.7	Synaptic Transmission	181
13.1.8	Action Potentials in Muscles	182
13.1.9	Surface Potentials	182
13.2	Electricity in Plants	183
13.3	Electricity in the Bone	184
13.4	Electric Fish	185
	Exercises	186
14	Electrical Technology	188
14.1	Electrical Technology in Biological Research	188
14.2	Diagnostic Equipment	190
14.2.1	The Electrocardiograph	190
14.2.2	The Electroencephalograph	191
14.3	Physiological Effects of Electricity	192
14.4	Control Systems	194
14.5	Feedback	196
	Exercises	198
15	Optics	200
15.1	Vision	200
15.2	Nature of Light	201
15.3	Structure of the Eye	201
15.4	Accommodation	202
15.5	Eye and the Camera	203
15.5.1	Aperture and Depth of Field	204
15.6	Lens System of the Eye	205
15.7	Reduced Eye	206
15.8	Retina	208
15.9	Resolving Power of the Eye	209
15.10	Threshold of Vision	211
15.11	Vision and the Nervous System	212
15.12	Defects in Vision	212
15.13	Lens for Myopia	213
15.14	Lens for Presbyopia and Hyperopia	214
15.15	Extension of Vision	215
15.15.1	Telescope	215
15.15.2	Microscope	216
15.15.3	Confocal Microscopy	217
15.15.4	Fiber Optics	220
	Exercises	222
16	Atomic and Nuclear Physics	224
16.1	The Atom	224
16.2	Spectroscopy	229
16.3	Quantum Mechanics	231
16.4	Electron Microscope	232
16.5	X-Rays	234
16.6	X-Ray Computerized Tomography	235
16.7	The Nucleus	237
16.8	Radiation Therapy	238
16.9	Food Preservation by Radiation	239
16.10	Isotopic Tracers	240
16.11	Magnetic Resonance Imaging	241
16.11.1	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	242
16.11.2	Imaging with NMR	246
16.12	Atomic Theory and Life	248
	Exercises	251
Appendix A	Basic Concepts in Mechanics	252
Appendix B	Review of Electricity	266
Appendix C	Review of Optics	272
Appendix D	Bibliography	281
Appendix E	Answers to Numerical Exercises	289
	Index	293

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

Fully-revised and updated text on the application of physics principles in the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, biology, nursing and physical therapy.

Editorial Reviews

"The text provides clear descriptions of medical devices and techniques such as MRI, CAT scan and cochlear implant. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively and shows how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical or engineering analysis techniques." —Anticancer Research, August 2013

Reviews from the 2e:"This is a book you should consider if you are teaching the one-semester premed course. This text could be used in two ways: 1) as a text for a one-term course in the physics of the body (without calculus) for non-physics majors in premed or allied health programs, or 2) as a supplementary text for the introductory physics course, particularly for premed students." —Russell Hobbie, University of Minnesota

"There is certainly a viable market (for this book), if not as a stand-alone physics text, as a collection of problems, examples, and discussions at the boundary between physics and biology and medicine. It is very well written; it is certainly accurate; and it is pretty complete." —David Cinabro, Wayne State University

From the Publisher