Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Part I: Advanced Photoenergy Materials 1
1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 3Teresa Gatti and Enzo Menna
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Carbon Nanostructures 7
1.2.1 Structure and Physical Properties 7
1.2.2 Chemical Functionalization Approaches 9
1.3 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 12
1.3.1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 13
1.3.2 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Perovskite Solar Cells 21
1.4 Conclusions and Outlook 38
Acknowledgements 40
References 41
2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future 49Joaquín Calbo
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Operational Mechanism 52
2.3 Sensitizer 56
2.3.1 Ruthenium-Based Dyes 56
2.3.2 Organic Dyes 57
2.3.3 Natural Dyes 60
2.3.4 Porphyrin Dyes 62
2.3.5 Quantum Dot Sensitizers 64
2.3.6 Perovskite-Based Sensitizers 66
2.4 Photoanode 68
2.4.1 Nanoarchitectures 69
2.4.2 Light Scattering Materials 70
2.4.3 Composites 72
2.4.4 Doping 74
2.4.5 Interfacial Engineering 75
2.4.6 TiCl4 Treatment 76
2.5 Electrolyte 77
2.5.1 Liquid Electrolytes 78
2.5.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 81
2.5.3 Solid-State Transport Materials 83
2.6 Counter Electrode 86
2.6.1 Metals and Alloys 86
2.6.2 Carbon-Based Materials 88
2.6.3 Conducting Polymers 90
2.6.4 Transition Metal Compounds 91
2.6.5 Hybrid Materials 93
2.7 Summary and Perspectives 95
Acknowledgements 96
References 96
3 Perovskite Solar Modules: Correlation between Efficiency and Scalability 121Fabio Matteocci, Luigi Angelo Castriotta and Alessandro Lorenzo Palma
3.1 Introduction 122
3.2 Printing Techniques 125
3.2.1 Solution Processing Techniques 126
3.2.2 Vacuum-Based Techniques 127
3.3 Scaling Up Process 130
3.3.1 Spin Coated PSM 130
3.3.2 Blade Coated PSM 132
3.3.3 Slot Die Coating 133
3.3.4 Screen-Printed PSM 134
3.3.5 Vacuum-Based PSM 136
3.3.6 Solvent and Vacuum Free Perovskite Deposition 137
3.4 Modules Architecture 137
3.4.1 Series-Connected Solar Modules 138
3.4.2 Parallel-Connected Solar Modules 139
3.5 Process Flow for the Production of Perovskite Based Solar Modules 141
3.5.1 The P1-P2-P3 Process 142
References 145
4 Brief Review on Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) Solar Cells 157Raja Mohan and Rini Paulose
4.1 Introduction 157
4.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect 158
4.1.2 Solar Cell Material 158
4.2 Factors Affecting PV Performance 159
4.2.1 Doping 159
4.2.2 Diffusion and Drift Current 159
4.2.3 Recombination 160
4.2.4 Diffusion Length 160
4.2.5 Grain Size and Grain Boundaries 161
4.2.6 Cell Thickness 161
4.2.7 Cell Surface 161
4.3 CIGS Based Solar Cell and Its Configuration 161
4.3.1 CIGS Configuration 163
4.4 Advances in CIGS Solar Cell 179
4.4.1 CIGS-Tandem Solar Cell 179
4.4.2 Flexible CIGS Solar Cell 181
4.5 Summary 182
Acknowledgement 183
References 183
5 Interface Engineering for High-Performance Printable Solar Cells 193Jinho Lee, Hongkyu Kang, Soonil Hong, Soo-Young Jang, Jong-Hoon Lee, Sooncheol Kwon, Heejoo Kim and Kwanghee Lee
5.1 Introduction 194
5.2 Electrolytes 195
5.2.1 Introduction of Electrolytes for Interface Engineering 195
5.2.2 Applications of Electrolytes to Printable Solar Cells 197
5.3 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 210
5.3.1 Introduction of TMOs as ESLs for Interface Engineering 210
5.3.2 Applications of TMOs for Printable Solar Cells 212
5.3.3 Applications of TMOs as HSLs for Printable Solar Cells 219
5.4 Organic Semiconductors 225
5.4.1 Introduction of Organic Semiconductors for Interface Engineering 225
5.4.2 Applications for Printable Solar Cells 226
5.5 Outlook 237
Acknowledgement 238
References 238
6 Screen Printed Thick Films on Glass Substrate for Optoelectronic Applications 253Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
6.1 What Is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages 253
6.1.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates 254
6.1.2 Thick Film Inks 254
6.1.3 Sheet Resistivity 255
6.1.4 Conductor Pastes 255
6.1.5 Dielectric Pastes 256
6.1.6 Resistor Pastes 256
6.2 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability and Performance Aspects 256
6.3 Experimental Procedure for Preparation of Thick Films by Screen Printing Process 257
6.4 Introduction of Semiconductor Metal Oxide (SMO) and Their Usage in Optoelectronic and Chemical Sensor Applications 262
6.4.1 Preparation of Cd0.75Zn0.25O Composition for Coating on Glass Substrate 263
6.5 To Study the Structural, Optical and Electrical Characteristics of Thick Film 264
6.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 264
6.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 265
6.5.3 Optical Properties 265
6.5.4 Electrical Conduction Mechanism 270
6.6 To Study the Sensitivity, Selectivity, Stability and Response and Recovery Time for Various Gases: CO2, LPG, Ethanol, NH3, NO2 and H2S at Different Operating Temperatures 272
6.6.1 Mechanical Sensor 272
6.6.2 Sensing Performance of the Sensor 277
6.7 Conclusion(s) 279
Acknowledgments 279
References 280
7 Hausmannite (Mn3O4) – Synthesis and Its Electrochemical, Catalytic and Sensor Application 283Rini Paulose and Raja Mohan
7.1 Hausmannite as Energy Storage Material: Introduction 284
7.1.1 Synthesis Methods 286
7.1.2 Electrochemical Behaviour 289
7.2 Hausmannite - Catalytic Application 304
7.2.1 Photocatalytic Application 305
7.2.2 Electrocatalytic Application 306
7.3 Hausmannite - Sensor Application 308
7.4 Summary 309
Acknowledgement 310
References 310
Part II: Advanced Thin Films Materials 321
8 Sol-Gel Technology to Prepare Advanced Coatings 323Flavia Bollino and Michelina Catauro
8.1 Introduction 324
8.1.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry 327
8.2 Sol-Gel Coating Preparation 335
8.2.1 Dip Coating 337
8.2.2 Spin Coating 341
8.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Coatings 346
8.4 Sol-Gel Coating Application 350
8.4.1 Optical Coatings 351
8.4.2 Electronic Films 352
8.4.3 Protective Films 354
8.4.4 Porous Films 357
8.4.5 Biomedical Application of the Sol-Gel Coatings 358
8.5 Conclusion 366
References 367
9 The Use of Power Spectrum Density for Surface Characterization of Thin Films 379Fredrick Madaraka MwemaOluseyi Philip Oladijo and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi
9.1 Introduction 380
9.1.1 Uses of Power Spectral Density 382
9.1.2 Theory of Power Spectral Density 383
9.2 Literature Review 387
9.3 Methodology 389
9.3.1 Thin Film Deposition 390
9.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 390
9.3.3 Image Analysis 391
9.4 Results and Discussion 395
9.4.1 AFM Images and Line Profile Analysis 395
9.4.2 Power Spectral Density Profiles 398
9.5 Conclusion 407
References 409
10 Advanced Coating Nanomaterials for Drug Release Applications 413Natalia A. Scilletta, Sofía Municoy, Martín G. Bellino, Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia, Martín F. Desimone and Paolo N. Catalano
10.1 Introduction 414
10.2 Ceramic Coating Nanomaterials 415
10.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanocoatings 415
10.2.2 Oxide-Based Nanocoatings 420
10.3 Biopolymer Coating Nanomaterials 433
10.4 Composite Coating Nanomaterials 439
10.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 445
References 461
11 Advancement in Material Coating for Engineering Applications 473Idowu David Ibrahim, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Yskandar Hamam, Yasser Alayli, Tamba Jamiru, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Azunna Agwo Eze, Stephen C. Agwuncha, Chukwunonso Aghaegbulam Uwa, Moses Oluwafemi Oyesola, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola and Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane
11.1 Introduction 474
11.2 Material Coating Methods 475
11.3 Electrostatic Powder Coating 475
11.3.1 Galvanizing 477
11.3.2 Powder Coating 480
11.4 Influence of Coating on the Base Material 480
11.4.1 Corrosion Resistance 480
11.4.2 Wear Resistance 485
11.5 Factors Affecting Properties of Coated Materials 487
11.6 Areas of Application of Coated Materials 490
11.6.1 Oil and Water Separation 490
11.6.2 Membrane Technology 491
11.6.3 Construction and Aircraft 492
11.7 Conclusion 493
Acknowledgment 494
References 494
12 Polymer and Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 499Shesan J. Owonubi, Linda Z. Linganiso, Tshwafo E. Motaung and Sandile P. Songca
12.1 Introduction 500
12.2 Coating 500
12.3 Surface Interactions with Biological Systems 501
12.3.1 Cell Adhesion 501
12.3.2 Interactions between Blood and Coating Material 502
12.3.3 Biofilm Formation as a Result of Bacterial Attachment 502
12.4 Biomedical Applications of Coatings 502
12.5 Polymer Based Coating for Biomedical Applications 504
12.5.1 Drug Delivery 504
12.5.2 Prevention of Infections from Micro-Organisms 506
12.5.3 Biosensors 510
12.5.4 Tissue Engineering 512
12.5.5 Cardiovascular Stents 513
12.5.6 Orthopaedic Implants 515
12.6 Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 517
12.6.1 Drug Delivery 517
12.6.2 Prevention of Infections from Microorganisms 518
12.6.3 Tissue Engineering 519
12.6.4 Cardiovascular Stents 519
12.6.5 Orthopaedic Implants 521
12.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 522
Acknowledgement 523
References 523
13 Assessment of the Effectiveness of Producing Mineral Fillers via Pulverization for Ceramic Coating Materials 537Anja Terzić and Lato Pezo
13.1 Introduction 538
13.2 Experimental 540
13.2.1 The Characterization of the Materials Used in the Experiment 540
13.2.2 Mechano-Chemical Activation Procedure 541
13.2.3 Mathematical Modeling 542
13.3 Results and Discussion 544
13.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of the Results of Mechano-Chemical Activation 544
13.3.2 Principal Component Analyses 547
13.3.3 Response Surface Methodology 549
13.3.4 Standard Score Analysis 552
13.4 Conclusion 557
Acknowledgement 558
References 559
14 Advanced Materials for Laser Surface Cladding: Processing, Manufacturing, Challenges and Future Prospects 563Oluranti Agboola, Patricia Popoola, Rotimi Sadiku, Samuel Eshorame Sanni, Damilola E. Babatunde, Peter Adeniyi Alaba and Sunday Ojo Fayomi
14.1 Introduction 564
14.2 Laser Processing Techniques 565
14.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) 565
14.2.2 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) 569
14.2.3 Ultrashort Laser Pulses 570
14.2.4 Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (HLAW) 580
14.3 Physic of Laser Surface Treatment (LST) 582
14.3.1 Physic of Laser Cladding Process 583
14.3.2 Governing Equation 583
14.4 Laser Fabrication 587
14.4.1 Laser Microfabrication 587
14.4.2 Laser Nanofabrication 590
14.5 Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) 593
14.5.1 Laser Melting (LM) 593
14.5.2 Laser Sintering (LS) 596
14.5.3 Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) 597
14.6 Challenges of Laser Material Processing 599
14.7 Future Prospect of Advance Materials for Laser Cladding 600
14.8 Conclusion 601
References 601
15 Functionalization of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles with Gold Shells 617Arūnas Jagminas and Agnė Mikalauskaitė
15.1 Introduction 618
15.2 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Reaction 618
15.3 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition 619
15.4 Less Popular Chemical Syntheses 620
15.5 Gold Shell Formation Onto the Surface of Magnetite Nanoparticles 620
15.6 Methionine-Induced Deposition of Au0/Au+Species 633
15.7 Application Trends 639
15.7.1 Imagining 639
15.7.2 Hyperthermia 643
15.7.3 Antimicrobial Agents 645
15.7.4 Bio-Separation 646
15.7.5 Targeted Drug Delivery 646
15.8 Outlooks 647
References 648
16 Functionalized-Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Fabrication and Application in Catalysis 661Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Mohaddeseh Sajjadi and S. Mohammad Sajadi
16.1 Introduction 662
16.2 Synthesis 665
16.2.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation of Graphite 666
16.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene 668
16.2.3 Reduction of Graphite Oxide 669
16.2.4 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 672
16.2.5 Unzipping CNTs 673
16.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Functionalization 673
16.3.1 Covalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 676
16.3.2 Noncovalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 690
17.3.3 Other Methods of Functionalization of Graphene 692
16.4 Properties and Applications of Graphene 694
16.5 Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 698
16.5.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Photocatalyst 698
16.5.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Catalyst 700
16.6 Conclusion 709
References 710
Index 729
