| Introduction | 8 |
Chapter 1 | Fundamentals | 9 |
| Diminution | 9 |
| Foreshortening | 10 |
| Convergence | 11 |
| Overlapping ... Shades and Shadows | 12 |
| Color and Value Perspective ... Detail and Pattern Perspective ... Focus Effect | 13 |
| Professional Applications of Fundamentals | 14 |
Chapter 2 | Reality and Appearance | 15 |
| In Perspective Drawing You Draw What You See, Not Your Idea or Mental Image of the Subject | 15 |
| Reality and Appearance--Example: United Nations Buildings from Different Viewpoints | 16 |
| Reality and Appearance--Example: Park Bench from Different Viewpoints | 17 |
Chapter 3 | How We See for Perspective Drawing | 18 |
| Cone of Vision ... Central Visual Ray ... Picture Plane | 18 |
| Basis of Perspective--Lines of Sight Through a Picture Plane | 19 |
Chapter 4 | Why Appearance Differs from Reality--Theory | 20 |
| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution | 20 |
| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution and Convergence | 21 |
| "Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Foreshortening and Overlapping | 22 |
Chapter 5 | Principal Aids: Vanishing Points and Eye Level (Horizon Line) | 23 |
Aid No. 1 | Vanishing Points--All Lines which in Reality are Parallel will Converge toward a Single Vanishing Point | 23 |
| Vanishing Points (cont.)--When There are Many Sets of Parallel Lines going in Different Directions, Each will Converge toward its own Vanishing Point | 24 |
| Professional Examples | 25 |
Aid No. 2 | Eye Level (Horizon Line)--All Horizontal Lines Converge to a Single Horizontal Vanishing Line | 26 |
| What Locates the Vanishing Line for All Horizontal Lines? | 27 |
| Why the Observer's Eye Level Dictates the Horizontal Vanishing Line--Theory | 28 |
| What Locates the Vanishing Point of a Particular Set of Parallel Lines? | 29 |
| Why the "Parallel Pointing" Method of Locating Vanishing Points is Important | 30 |
| Nature's Horizon Always Appears at Observer's Eye Level. Therefore, it Can be Used as the Vanishing Line for Horizontal Lines | 31 |
| Why Nature's Horizon Appears at Observer's Eye Level--Theory | 32 |
| What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up? | 33 |
| Professional Examples | 34 |
| What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up (cont.)? | 35 |
| Reasons for Choosing a Particular Eye Level (Horizon Line) | 36 |
Chapter 6 | Drawing the Cube--Prerequisite to Understanding Perspective | 37 |
| Introduction | 37 |
| Looking Straight Out at the Cube | 38 |
| Professional Examples | 39 |
| Looking Down at the Cube | 40 |
| Professional Examples | 41 |
| Looking Up at the Cube | 42 |
| Professional Examples | 43 |
| Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings | 44 |
| Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings (cont.) | 45 |
| Many Cubes Oriented in the Same Direction Results in Only Two Sets of Converging Lines | 46 |
| Cubes Oriented in Many Directions Results in Many Sets of Converging Lines | 47 |
| Why a Thorough Knowledge of Simple Shapes is Important | 48 |
| Applications of the Basic Cube and Brick Shapes | 49 |
Chapter 7 | "One-Point" and "Two-Point" Perspective--When and Why? | 50 |
| Introduction | 50 |
| Professional Examples | 51 |
| Distorted and Correct One-Point Perspective | 52 |
Chapter 8 | More on Looking Up, Down, and Straight Ahead | 53 |
| Introduction | 53 |
| Things Seen by Looking Straight Out and Things Seen by Looking Up | 54 |
| Things Seen by Looking Down | 55 |
| Review: Looking Up, Straight Out, Down | 56 |
| Looking Straight Out | 57 |
Chapter 9 | Perspective Distortion | 58 |
| Related to Vanishing Points and to Cone of Vision | 58 |
| Observer-Cone of Vision-Vanishing Points Relationship (Horizontal Distortion) | 59 |
| Vanishing Points Too Far Apart | 60 |
Chapter 10 | Determining Heights and Widths | 61 |
| Height Lines | 61 |
| Heights Related to Eye Level | |
1 | Heights When Observer is Standing | 62 |
2 | Heights When Observer is in Elevated Position | 63 |
3 | Heights When Observer is Sitting ... | |
4 | Heights When Observer is Lying Down | 64 |
| Heights Outdoors ... and Indoors | 65 |
| Professional Examples | 66 |
| Determining Widths in Perspective--Width Lines | 67 |
Chapter 11 | Determining Depths | 68 |
| Finding Center Points by Diagonals | 68 |
| Equal Spacing by Diagonals | 69 |
| Subdividing a Surface by Diagonals ... Dividing a Surface into Equal Spaces by Using a Measuring Line and a Special Vanishing Point | 70 |
| Dividing a Surface into Unequal Spaces with a Measuring Line and Special Vanishing Point | 71 |
| Determining Depths and Widths of Room Interiors by the Measuring Line Method | 72 |
| Another Way of Getting Depths: The Sliding Ruler and Diagonals Method | 73 |
| Drawing Equal-Sized but Unequally-Spaced Elements--Vanishing Point of Diagonals Method | 74 |
| Diagonals as an Aid in Drawing Concentric and Symmetrical Patterns on Rectangles and Squares | 75 |
| Any Design or Pattern can be Reproduced in Perspective by Means of a Grid that Locates its Important Points | 76 |
Chapter 12 | Inclined Planes | 77 |
| Introduction | 77 |
| Vertical Vanishing Line and Horizon Line are Based on Same Theory and Serve Similar Purposes | 78 |
| Uphill and Downhill (Inclined Planes) | 79 |
| Some Applications of Inclined Plane Perspective | 80 |
Chapter 13 | Circles, Cylinders and Cones | 81 |
| Circles and Ellipses | 81 |
| Drawing the Ellipse | 82 |
| The Center of a Circle Drawn in Perspective Does Not Lie on the Corresponding Ellipse's Major Axis | 83 |
| Cylinders | 84 |
| Cones | 85 |
| Professional Applications | 86 |
Chapter 14 | Shade and Shadow | 87 |
| Introduction | 87 |
| Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Parallel to Observer's Face | 88 |
| Application Sketches | 89 |
| Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Oblique to Observer's Face | 90 |
| Parallel Light Rays Oblique to Observer's Face (cont.) | 91 |
| Application Sketches | 92 |
| Professional Examples | 93 |
| Shade and Shadow Created by Local Point Sources of Light | 94 |
| Application Sketches | 95 |
| Professional Example | 96 |