Table of Contents
How to Use This Book viii
Chapter 1 Science and Biology 1
What Is Science? 1
What Is Biology? 2
How Do We Explore Biology? 5
Vocabulary 11
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 14
Chapter 2 Cells 15
What Are Cells? 15
Levels of Classification 17
Diversity of Cells 19
What Are the Parts of Cells? 22
What Happens When Cells Don't Work Correctly? 27
Vocabulary 29
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 32
Chapter 3 Biological Chemistry 33
What Are Atoms? 33
What Are Molecules? 35
What Are Chemical Bonds? 36
Water and pH 37
Biological Macromolecules 39
Specialized Biological Molecules 45
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 46
Vocabulary 48
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 51
Chapter 4 Cellular Transport 53
What Is Cellular Transport? 53
Cell Membrane Structure 53
What Is Passive Transport? 57
What Is Active Transport? 61
What Happens When Cell Membranes Don't Work Correctly? 63
Vocabulary 64
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 67
Chapter 5 Metabolism and Energy 69
The Relationship Between Metabolism and Energy 69
Energy 70
Photosynthesis 72
Chemosynthesis 75
Cellular Respiration 76
Energy-storing Macromolecules 80
Vocabulary 82
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 85
Chapter 6 Human Anatomy 87
The Human Body 87
Basic Anatomy and Physiology 87
Planes and Directional Terms 88
Body Cavities and Membranes 89
Microanatomy and Macroanatomy 90
Skeletal System 91
Muscular System 95
Integumentary System 98
Cardiovascular System 101
Respiratory System 105
Digestive System 108
Urinary System 110
Nervous System 113
Endocrine System 116
Lymphatic and Immune Systems 119
Reproductive System 122
Vocabulary 124
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 127
Chapter 7 Cellular Reproduction 129
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 129
The Cell Cycle 130
Mitosis 131
Meiosis 133
Telomeres 136
Vocabulary 139
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 141
Chapter 8 Basic Genetics 143
What Is Genetics? 143
What Are Traits and How Do They Work? 144
What Is DNA and How Does It Work? 146
What Are Chromosomes and How Do They Work? 147
What Are Genes and How Do They Work? 148
What Are Alleles and How Do They Work? 149
Vocabulary 150
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 152
Chapter 9 Mendelian Genetics 153
Basic Mendelian Inheritance 153
Gregor Mendel 153
Simple Mendelian Inheritance 155
Punnett Squares 158
Complex Patterns of Inheritance 161
Vocabulary 164
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 166
Chapter 10 Molecular Genetics 167
A Brief History of the Study of Genetics 167
Nucleic Acid 169
DNA Replication 172
Vocabulary 179
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 181
Chapter 11 Genetic Disorders 183
Basics of Genetic Disorders 183
Dominant Disorders 184
Recessive Disorders 187
Sex-linked Disorders 191
Polygenic and Multifactorial Disorders 192
Chromosomal Abnormalities 194
Genetic Screening 195
Vocabulary 197
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 200
Chapter 12 Genetic Technology 201
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 201
DNA Microarrays 202
Home DNA Tests 202
mRNA Vaccines 204
Genetic Engineering 205
Cloning 208
Vocabulary 210
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 211
Chapter 13 Ecological Relationships 213
Relationships Between Species 213
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs 214
Habitat and Niche 215
Feeding Relationships 216
Food Webs 217
Species Interactions 219
Symbiotic Relationships 221
Vocabulary 222
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 224
Chapter 14 Ecology and Planet Earth 225
Levels of Organization 225
Biomes 228
Communities and Succession 232
Ecological Relationships and Energy Flow 235
Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems 237
Vocabulary 241
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 243
Chapter 15 Population Biology and Human Ecology 245
How Populations Grow and Change 245
Limits to Growth 247
Human Population Growth 250
Vocabulary 253
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 255
Chapter 16 Evolution and Nature Selection 257
Evidence of Life on Earth 259
Charles Darwin 262
Theory of Natural Selection 264
Evidence of Evolution 265
Human Evolution 269
Vocabulary 272
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 274
Chapter 17 Human Impacts on Earth 275
The Anthropocene Era 275
Conservation Biology Impacts 276
Human Intellect Impacts 282
Vocabulary 284
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 287
Index 289
