Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin (Second Edition)

by Michael Weiss

Overview

This celebrated work by one of the foremost experts in Indo-European and Classical linguistics is now available in a fully revised second edition, thoroughly updated and corrected with over fifty pages of new material. The Outline's forty-five chapters offer a wealth of knowledge for both the generalist and the specialist in their treatment of the development of Latin from its earliest prehistoric origins down to the modern Romance languages. Not only covering the language's phonological, morphological, and syntactic prehistory in great depth, they also include important subsidiary topics like language contact and Etruscan. Basic information is presented in concise outline format in the main text and is augmented by countless additional details that populate the footnotes. The book concludes with an extensive bibliography followed by complete indices of forms, ancient sources, and subjects.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780989514279
Publisher:	Beech Stave Press
Publication date:	03/04/2020
Edition description:	Second Edition
Pages:	695
Product dimensions:	6.90(w) x 9.90(h) x 1.60(d)

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments xi

Abbreviations and Symbols xiii

Languages, Language Families, Dialects xiii

Morphological Abbreviations xiv

Metrical Abbreviations xv

Symbols xv

The International Phonetic Alphabet xvi

Language Map of Ancient Italy xvii

1 The Historical Study of Language and the Discovery of Indo-European 1

I How to Learn about Language Change and Language History 1

II The Historical Development of Indo-European Linguistics 9

2 Bibliographical Hints and Survey of the Indo-European Languages 11

I Bibliographical Hints for the Study of Indo-European Linguistics 11

II The Indo-European Languages from West to East 12

3 Periodization of Latin; Writing in Italy and Its Prehistory 24

I Periodization of Latin 24

II The Greek Alphabet and Its Origins 25

III The Alphabet in Italy 27

4 Phonetics and Phonology; Consonants and Vowels of Proto-Indo-European 34

I Basic Phonetics and Phonology 34

II The Consonants of Proto-Indo-European 36

III The Vowel System of Proto-Indo-European 43

5 Word Structure, the Phonology-Morphology Interface, and Ablaut 48

I Bask Concepts of Proto-Indo-European Word Structure 48

II Root Structure Constraints 49

III Ablaut 50

6 Laryngeals 53

I Laryngeals 53

II Speculations on the Phonetic Interpretation of the Laryngeals 55

III Basic Laryngeal Developments in Some Instructive Indo-European Languages 56

7 Reconstructing Ancient Pronunciation and the Sounds of the Latin Consonants 61

I The Nature of the Evidence for the Reconstruction of the Ancient Pronunciation of Latin 61

II The Pronunciation of the Consonants of Latin 64

8 The Segmental Inventory of Latin; Syllabification 71

I Vowels 71

II Consonants 73

III Syllabification 75

9 The Stops from Proto-Indo-European to Latin 80

I Summary Chart of Basic Developments of Proto-Indo-European Stops 80

II Labials 81

III Dentals 82

IV Palatovelars and Velars 84

V Labiovelars 86

VI Aspirated Palatovelars, Velars, and Labiovelars 87

10 The Continuants from PIE to Proto-Latin; Key Developments of Consonants in Other Traditions 89

I Summary Chart of Basic Developments of Continuants 89

II The Proto-Indo-European Fricative *s to Proto-Latin 89

III The Sonorant Consonants from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Latin 90

IV Dental plus Dental 92

V Notes on Important Developments of the Stops in Some Other Branches of Indo-European 93

11 The Syllabic Sonorant Consonants and Vowels from PIE to Proto-Latin 103

I The Syllabic Sonorant Consonants 103

II The Short Vowels 104

III The Long Vowels 106

IV The "Long" Syllabic Sonorant Consonants 108

V The Diphthongs 109

VI The Long Diphthongs 113

VII Syllabic Sonorant Consonants Before a Vowel 114

12 Prosody; Laryngeal Tricks 115

I The Proto-Indo-European and Greek Prosodic Systems 115

II The Common Italic Stress System 118

III Advanced Laryngeal Tricks 122

13 Weakening and Syncope 126

I Introduction and Basic Rules 126

II Analysis of Weakening 130

III Weakening and Paul's Principle 131

IV Syncope 132

14 Shortening and Lengthening of Vowels; Vowels in Hiatus 136

I Shortenings 136

II Lengthening of Vowels 140

III Contraction 142

IV Vowel-plus-Vowel Sequences at a Word Boundary (Elision) 144

15 Changes to Vowels and Diphthongs Not Connected to Weakening; Anaptyxis; Final Vowels 148

I Changes to Short Vowels Not Connected to Weakening 148

II Changes to Long Vowels and Diphthongs 154

III Anaptyxis 155

IV Absolute Final Vowels 156

16 The Consonants Revisited 160

I Further Considerations on the Voiced Aspirates 160

II Rhotacism 161

III The Fate of h 163

IV Loss of u 165

V Loss of i 166

VI Consonants in Final Position 166

VII Distant Dissimilations 168

VIII Simplification of Geminates 169

IX VC-Metatheses 170

17 Consonant Clusters, Part 1: CC Clusters Ending in a Glide or Liquid 171

I Introduction 171

II CC Clusters Ending in a Glide 171

III CC Clusters Ending in a Liquid 176

18 Consonant Clusters, Part 2: CC Clusters Ending in a Nasal, Fricative, or Stop 181

I CC Clusters Ending in a Nasal 181

II CC Clusters Ending in a Fricative 185

III CC Clusters Ending in a Stop 188

19 Consonant Clusters, Part 3: CCC and CCCC Clusters 192

I CCC Clusters 192

II CCCC Clusters 198

20 Typology of Consonantal Sound Changes; Phonotactics; Absolute and Relative Chronology 200

I Typology of Consonantal Sound Changes 200

II The Synchronic Phonotactics of Classical Latin 205

III Relative and Absolute Chronology of Latin Sound Changes 207

21 Case Endings of the Singular 210

I Proto-Indo-European Nominal Inflectional Categories 210

II The Case Endings of Proto-Indo-European 215

22 Case Endings of the Plural and Dual 222

I The Cases of the Plural 222

II The Forms of the Dual 226

III The Neuter Nominative-Accusative Plural 227

IV Summary of the Forms of the Instrumental Singular and Plural and the Dative Plural 229

23 The Latin Nominal System; the Second Declension 230

I The Latin Nominal System 230

II The Thematic Paradigm 232

III Case Endings 237

IV Gender of o-stems 243

24 The First Declension 245

I Prehistory 245

II Case Endings 246

25 The Third Declension 255

I Introduction and Consonant Stems 255

II The i-stems 259

III Some Irregularities 265

26 The Fourth and Fifth Declensions 268

I The Fourth Declension (also called u-stems) 268

II The Fifth Declension 272

III Irregular Nouns: Suppletive Stem Formation 274

27 Accentual Paradigms, Internal Derivation, and Compounds 276

I The Proto-Indo-European Accentual Paradigms 276

II Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European Athematic Paradigms in Latin 281

III Internal Derivation 282

IV Compounds 282

28 Nominal Derivation, Part 1: Introduction; Thematic and *eh₂-sufnxes 286

I Introduction 286

II Thematic Stem Types 290

III *eh₂-stem Suffixes 320

29 Nominal Derivation, Part 2: Athematic Suffixes 323

I Obstruent Stems 323

II Liquid and Nasal Stems 328

III i-stem Suffixes 334

IV u-stem Suffixes 342

V Suffixes in -e- 343

VI Numbers of Abstracts from the Beginning to 636 CE (Isidore of Seville) 344

30 Personal Pronouns 345

I First Singular 345

II Second Singular 348

III First Plural 349

IV Second Plural 351

V First Dual 352

VI Second Dual 352

VII The Reflexive Pronoun 353

VIII The Possessive Pronouns in Latin 354

31 Gendered Pronouns, Part 1 355

I The *so-/*to- Deictic Pronoun 355

II The Anaphoric Pronoun *(h₁)i- ˜ *(h₁)ei- ˜ *(h₁)e 360

32 Gendered Pronouns, Part 2 365

I Latin Innovations among the Gendered Pronouns 365

II Pronominal Adjectives 369

III The Relative Pronoun 369

IV The Interrogative-Indefinite Pronoun 370

V Pronominal Adverbs 375

33 Comparison; Adverbs 378

I The Comparison of Adjectives 378

II The Formation of Adverbs 385

34 Numerals 387

I The Cardinals 387

II The Ordinals 397

III The Latin Numeral Forms in -ni 399

35 Semantics of Verbal Categories; the Proto-Indo-European Verbal System; the Personal Endings 400

I Aktionsart, Aspect, Tense, 400

II The Proto-Indo-European Tense-Aspect System 401

III The Proto-Indo-European Voice System 403

IV The Proto-Indo-European Moods 406

V The Personal Endings of the Finite Forms 407

36 The Present Stem Classes 422

I The Latin Present Stem Classes 422

II The Sources of the Latin Conjugations 423

37 The Perfect, the Imperfect, and the Future 434

I The Perfect 434

II The Imperfect 440

III The Future 441

38 The Subjunctive and the Imperative 443

I The Subjunctive 443

II The Proto-Indo-European Desiderative 445

III The Imperative 448

39 The Irregular Verbs; Nominal Forms of the Verb 452

I Irregular Verbs 452

II Nominal Forms of the Verb 464

40 Selected Observations on Syntax 476

I General Observations 476

II Nominal Syntax 476

III Verbal Syntax 480

IV Prepositions (RECTIUS Adpositions) 488

V Order of Constituents 490

41 The Dialect Position of Latin within the Indo-European Family 493

I Affinities with Celtic 493

II The Question of Proto-Italic 495

III Affinities of Italic with Other Branches 500

IV Dialect Elements in Latin 501

42 Language Contact 506

I Types of Language Contact 506

II Substratum, Local, and Colonial-language Contact 506

III Greek Influence on Latin 509

IV Sabellic Influence 513

V Etruscan Influence 513

VI Celtic Influence 514

VII Germanic Influence 516

VIII Semitic Influence 517

43 Etruscan; the Pyrgi Bilingual 518

I The External History of Etruscan 518

II The Origins Question 519

III Phonology 523

IV Morphology 528

V The Pyrgi Bilingual 535

44 Vulgar Latin and Proto-Romance, Part 1: External History and Phonology 541

I Bibliographical Tips 541

II Sources for "Vulgar" Latin 542

III Some Information about the Romance Languages 543

IV Phonology 547

45 Vulgar Latin and Proto-Romance, Part 2: Morphology 555

I Gender 555

II Declension 556

III Collapse of the Case System 557

IV Comparison of Adjectives 558

V Pronouns 559

VI The Verb 563

Bibliography 575

Citation Index 619

Word Index 631

Subject Index 689