This book discusses light transmission and extends to more applied fields of laser and laser technology, photoelectric detection and devices, photoelectric imaging and systems with explainations on theories and engineering applications. Addressing the intersection between optics and electrical engineering, the textbook prepares graduate students to photoelectronics and can also be used as reference for engineers.
This book discusses light transmission and extends to more applied fields of laser and laser technology, photoelectric detection and devices, photoelectric imaging and systems with explainations on theories and engineering applications. Addressing the intersection between optics and electrical engineering, the textbook prepares graduate students to photoelectronics and can also be used as reference for engineers.
Optical Electronics: An Introduction
405
Optical Electronics: An Introduction
405eBook
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Overview
This book discusses light transmission and extends to more applied fields of laser and laser technology, photoelectric detection and devices, photoelectric imaging and systems with explainations on theories and engineering applications. Addressing the intersection between optics and electrical engineering, the textbook prepares graduate students to photoelectronics and can also be used as reference for engineers.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9783110498004 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | De Gruyter |
| Publication date: | 02/19/2019 |
| Series: | De Gruyter Textbook |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 405 |
| File size: | 17 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
| Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Jixiang Yan, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Table of Contents
Preface V
1 The development of nature of light 1
1.1 Earlier theories 1
1.1.1 Classical concepts of particle and wave 1
1.1.2 Particle theory of light 2
1.1.3 Wave theory of light 2
1.2 Electromagnetic theory of light 3
1.2.1 Electromagnetic induction law 3
1.2.2 Maxwell's electromagnetic theory 4
1.2.3 Electromagnetic theory of light 6
1.3 Superposition and interference of light 7
1.3.1 The law of independent propagation of light waves 7
1.3.2 Light wave superposition principle 8
1.3.3 Interference conditions of light waves 8
1.4 Further discussion of coherence 10
1.4.1 Complex variable expression of polychromatic field 10
1.4.2 Degree of spatial and temporal coherence 12
1.4.3 Measurement of correlation of spatial and temporal 14
1.5 Early quantum theory of light and wave-particle duality 17
1.5.1 Concepts of radiation and energy quanta 17
1.5.2 Photoelectric effect and the concept of optical quanta 20
1.5.3 Compton scattering and further approval of particle property of light 23
1.5.4 Particle-wave duality of light 25
1.6 Brief introduction to modern quantum theory of light 27
1.6.1 Vector space and linear operator 27
1.6.2 One-dimensional harmonic oscillator 31
1.6.3 Quantization of electromagnetic field 36
1.6.4 Coherent photon states 40
1.6.5 Density operator and quantum distribution 45
1.6.6 Introduction to photon optics 50
2 Optical radiation and radiation source 55
2.1 Mechanism of atomic emission 55
2.1.1 Scattering of alpha particles and the nuclear structure of an atom 55
2.1.2 Atomic spectrum of hydrogen and Bohr's model 56
2.1.3 Quantum mechanics and atomic emission 59
2.1.4 Spectral line broadening 69
2.2 Spontaneous radiation and its sources 73
2.3 Laser mechanism 74
2.3.1 Concept of laser resonator and modes 74
2.3.2 Necessary conditions for producing a laser 75
2.3.3 Relationship between radiation coefficients 78
2.3.4 Necessary conditions for laser production 79
2.3.5 Sufficient condition for producing a laser 80
2.4 Physical properties of the lasers 83
2.4.1 Monochromatic and temporal coherence 83
2.4.2 Directivity and spatial coherence 84
2.4.3 Higher-order coherence 85
2.4.4 High brightness 85
2.5 Introduction to the operating characteristics of laser 86
2.5.1 Ultrashort pulse characteristics 86
2.5.2 Frequency stability characteristics 87
2.6 Band structure and electronic states of semiconductors 87
2.6.1 Introduction to the band concept 87
2.6.2 Electronic state in semiconductor 88
2.7 Excitation and recombination radiation 90
2.7.1 Direct transition and the semiconductor light-emitting material 90
2.7.2 Density of states and electronic excitation 91
2.7.3 p-n Junction in extrinsic semiconductor materials 94
2.8 Working mechanism of LEDs 95
2.9 Semiconductor diode laser 96
2.9.1 Semiconductor optical gain 96
2.9.2 Loss and oscillation threshold condition 98
2.10 Hetero-junction semiconductor lasers 100
2.10.1 Hetero-junction semiconductor 100
2.10.2 Laser structure 101
3 Bulk solid-state lasers 103
3.1 Overview 103
3.2 LD-pumped solid-state lasers 104
3.2.1 Comparison with the flash lamp pump 104
3.2.2 Threshold power and above threshold operation 105
3.2.3 Structure of LD-pumped solid-state laser 110
3.3 Thin-disc laser 112
3.3.1 Thin media and pumping 113
3.3.2 Principle of thin-disc laser 113
3.3.3 "Liquid" lasers 115
3.4 Slab lasers 115
3.4.1 Introduction 115
3.5 Solid heat capacity 118
3.5.1 The classic theory of solid heat capacity 118
3.5.2 Quantum theory of solid heat capacity 119
3.6 Heat-capacity operation model of lasers 124
3.6.1 Heat storage and increase in temperature 124
3.6.2 Temperature distribution and thermal stress 128
3.6.3 Beam distortion 130
3.6.4 Heat capacity laser example 131
4 Optical fiber lasers 133
4.1 Introduction 133
4.2 Energy levels and spectra of several rare earth ions 134
4.2.1 Introduction 134
4.2.2 Laser energy levels and spectra of several rare earth ions in silicon optical fiber 136
4.2.3 Laser energy levels and spectra of several rare earth ions in fluoride optical fiber 139
4.3 Mode and conditions for single-mode operation 143
4.3.1 Bulk media 143
4.3.2 Optical fiber working material 144
4.3.3 Mode property and cutoff frequency 145
4.3.4 The basic structure of optical fiber lasers 152
4.4 Double-clad fiber laser 153
4.4.1 Limitation of the single-clad fiber 153
4.4.2 Double-clad fiber laser 154
4.4.3 Introduction of the photonic crystal fiber laser 159
4.5 Stimulated scattering fiber lasers 161
4.5.1 Raman scattering fiber lasers 161
4.5.2 Stimulated Brillouin scattering fiber lasers 163
5 Beam propagation and propagation media 167
5.1 Beam propagation in homogeneous media and media boundary 167
5.1.1 Beam propagation in homogeneous media 167
5.1.2 Beam transmission in the media boundary 168
5.1.3 Beam propagation through a thin lens 169
5.2 Gaussian beam propagation 172
5.2.1 Gaussian beam and its parameters 172
5.2.2 Gaussian beam propagation in free space 173
5.2.3 Gaussian beam propagation through a thin lens 174
5.3 Ray optics theory of planar dielectric optical waveguides 175
5.3.1 Beam reflection and refraction in media boundary 176
5.3.2 The beam propagation in planar waveguide 178
5.3.3 Guided wave in planar dielectric waveguide 180
5.3.4 Goos-Hanchen displacement and effective depth of waveguides 181
5.4 The electromagnetic theories foundation of planar waveguide 185
5.4.1 The general form of Maxwell's equation 185
5.4.2 Maxwell's equations for planar waveguide 187
5.4.3 Solutions of TE wave equations 188
5.4.4 The modes of TE wave and cutoff condition 192
5.4.5 Properties of waveguide mode 196
5.5 Channel waveguide introduction 197
5.5.1 Channel waveguide types 197
5.5.2 Vector wave equation 198
5.5.3 Approximate scalar equation and the method of separation of variables 200
5.5.4 Other solutions of scalar equations 201
5.6 Mode coupling theory in guided wave structures 204
5.6.1 Basic concepts of the directional coupling 204
5.6.2 Coupled mode equations 206
5.6.3 Scalar-coupled wave equations 207
5.6.4 Solutions of the scalar equations 211
5.6.5 Periodic waveguide 213
5.6.6 Waveguide mode transmission 215
5.7 Semiconductor waveguide theory 218
5.7.1 Methods for altering the refractive index of semiconductor 218
5.7.2 Semiconductor planar waveguide 221
5.7.3 Channel waveguide 223
5.7.4 Coupling effect 226
5.7.5 Losses in semiconductor waveguides 230
5.8 The new progress of waveguide theory 233
5.8.1 Second harmonic generation in a nonlinear waveguide 233
5.8.2 Non-orthogonal coupled mode theory of waveguide 236
5.9 Waveguide devices in insulating crystals 238
5.9.1 Directional couplers 239
5.9.2 Balanced bridge interferometers and cross-coupled waveguides 241
5.9.3 Interference filters 243
5.9.4 Coupled-mode fitters 244
5.9.5 The polarization selection devices 247
5.9.6 Transmission gratings 249
5.9.7 Reflection gratings 250
5.9.8 Electro- and acousto-optic gratings 250
5.9.9 Grating couplers 253
5.10 Semiconductor waveguide device 253
5.10.1 Semiconductor passive waveguide 254
5.10.2 Electro-optic waveguide modulator 260
5.10.3 Optoelectronic integrated circuit 262
5.11 Application examples of optical waveguide 263
5.11.1 The planar integrated optic RF spectrum analyzer 263
5.11.2 The waveguide chip connector 264
5.11.3 The channel waveguide A/D converter 265
5.11.4 Guided-wave optical communication 267
5.12 Introduction of MOEMS 268
5.12.1 Introduction 268
5.12.2 The diffractive microlens 269
5.12.3 The refractive microlens 270
5.12.4 MOEM system 271
6 Light detection and detector 273
6.1 Overview of photoelectric detector performance 274
6.1.1 Responsivity 274
6.1.2 Noise equivalent power 275
6.1.3 Detectivity 275
6.1.4 Quantum efficiency 276
6.1.5 Response time 276
6.1.6 Linear region 276
6.1.7 Noise 276
6.2 The working foundation of photodetectors 278
6.2.1 External photoelectric effect 279
6.2.2 Photoconductivity effect 279
6.2.3 Photovoltaic effect 281
6.2.4 Light thermal electric effect 283
6.3 Photoelectric emission photodetector (based on external photoelectric effect) 283
6.3.1 Working process and structure of the photomultiplier tube 284
6.3.2 Main performance of the photomultiplier tube 288
6.4 Photoconductive detector 290
6.4.1 Overview 290
6.4.2 Performance of the Hg1-xCdxTe photoconductive detector 291
6.5 Photovoltaic detector 295
6.5.1 Overview 295
6.5.2 Brief introduction of the current characteristic of the PN junction photodiode 295
6.5.3 Response rate and detection rate 299
6.5.4 Noise 300
7 Photoelectric imaging and imaging system 303
7.1 Overview 303
7.2 Image detector profiles 303
7.2.1 Vacuum imaging device 304
7.2.2 CCD imaging device 305
7.2.3 CID imaging device 306
7.3 Point-spread function and performance index based on the point-spread function 307
7.3.1 Point-spread function 307
7.3.2 Strehl ratio 309
7.3.3 Relationship between circle surrounding energy and spatial frequency 311
7.4 OTF 312
7.5 Modulation transfer function 313
7.5.1 Modulation 313
7.5.2 Modulation transfer function 313
7.6 MTF of the optical system 315
7.6.1 Diffraction-limited MTF 315
7.6.2 Aberrations effect 315
7.6.3 Defocus 316
7.7 Introduction to optical imaging system 316
7.7.1 Staring array optical imaging system 316
7.7.2 Scanning optical imaging system 317
7.7.3 Optical imaging system performance 318
7.8 Performance of staring array imaging system 319
7.8.1 Field of view 319
7.8.2 Noise and signal-to-noise ratio 320
7.9 Further description of the scanning imaging system performance 320
7.9.1 Scanning imaging system 320
7.9.2 System noise of scanning imaging 321
8 Fundamental of Nonlinear Optics 323
8.1 Introduction 323
8.1.1 Nonlinear wave function 323
8.1.2 Slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA) of equation 324
8.1.3 Nonlinearity of material and its coupling with light wave 326
8.2 Optical phase conjugate 327
8.2.1 Definition of phase conjugate wave 327
8.2.2 Comparison of PCM and CPM 328
8.3 Three-wave mixing 331
8.3.1 Phase matching three-wave mixing 332
8.3.2 Phase mismatching three-wave mixing 333
8.4 Degenerate four-wave mixing 333
8.4.1 Forward conjugate wave generated by FWM 334
8.4.2 Backward conjugate wave generated by FWM 335
8.4.3 Experimental study of DFWM phase conjugate 338
8.5 Near-Degenerate four wave mixing 341
8.6 DFWM Resonance 345
8.6.1 Qualitative description 345
8.6.2 Quantitative discussion 346
8.7 Photon echo 353
8.7.1 Qualitative description of photon echo of two-energy level system 353
8.7.2 Qualitative results of photon echo phase conjugate 357
8.8 Stimulated scattering 362
8.8.1 Stimulated Raman scattering 362
8.8.2 Stimulating Britlouin scattering 363
8.9 Photorefractive effect and associated materials 366
8.9.1 Photorefractive effect 367
8.9.2 Some photorefractive materials 374
8.10 Self-pumped phase conjugate 381
8.10.1 Two reflectors 382
8.10.2 Single reflector 383
8.10.3 No external mirror 385
References 389
Subject Index 391