Table of Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Preface xiii
Author xv
Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is Crude Oil? 1
1.2 How Oil Is Formed 2
1.3 Classification of Crude Oil 3
1.4 Petroleum Value Chain 5
1.4.1 History of Petroleum Use 5
1.4.2 Impact of Oil on World Economies 6
1.5 Life Cycle of Oil Field 9
1.5.1 Petroleum Value Chain 9
1.5.2 Oil Field Life Cycle 9
1.6 Engineering Disciplines in Oil and Gas Industry 13
2 Exploration and Geology 15
2.1 Exploration and Geology 15
2.2 Logging Techniques 19
2.3 Geoscience Disciplines 22
2.4 Hydrocarbon Estimation 22
3 Reservoir Engineering 25
3.1 How Oil and Gas Are Produced 25
3.2 Unconventional Reservoirs 25
3.2.1 Tight Gas 26
3.2.2 Shale Oil and Gas 26
3.2.3 Heavy Oil 27
3.2.4 Coal Bed Methane 30
3.2.5 Methane Hydrates 30
3.3 What is a Reservoir Engineer? 31
3.4 Estimation of Hydrocarbons In Place 33
3.5 Estimation of Reserves 34
3.5.1 Recovery Factor 34
3.5.2 Production History 37
3.5.3 Reserves Classification 38
3.6 Determination of Rates 40
3.7 Economic Analysis 41
4 Drilling Engineering 45
4.1 How a Well Is Drilled 45
4.1.1 Onshore Drilling 45
4.1.2 Offshore Drilling 46
4.2 Parts of a Well 47
4.3 Directional Drilling 48
4.3.1 Horizontal Drilling 48
4.3.2 Multilateral Drilling 49
4.3.3 Extended Reach Drilling 49
4.3.4 Multiple-Well Pad Drilling 49
4.4 Well Logging 49
4.5 Costs 50
5 Completions Engineering 51
5.1 Open Hole vs. Cased Hole 51
5.2 Stimulation Techniques 52
5.2.1 Acidizing 52
5.2.2 Fracking 53
5.3 Sand Control Applications 56
5.3.1 Gravel Packing 56
5.3.2 Frac Packing 56
5.3.3 Chemical Consolidation 56
5.4 Completion Costs 57
6 Production Engineering 61
6.1 Well Optimization and Reservoir Monitoring 61
6.2 Wellbore Intervention 61
6.3 Offshore Production Platforms 62
6.4 Well Plugging and Abandonment 65
6.5 Operations Costs 65
7 Facilities Engineering 69
7.1 What Is Facilities Engineering? 69
7.2 Midstream 70
7.3 Facilities Costs 72
8 Oil Refining 73
8.1 Gas Processes 73
8.2 Refining Processes 73
8.2.1 Separation 74
8.2.2 Conversion 76
8.2.3 Treating 76
8.3 Products of Refining 76
8.4 Pollution from Refineries 77
Glossary 81
Index 83
