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| ISBN-13: | 9781742194462 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Spinifex Press |
| Publication date: | 05/28/1992 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 178 |
| File size: | 2 MB |
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Nothing Mat(t)ers
A Feminist Critique of Postmodernism
By Somer Brodribb
Spinifex Press
Copyright © 1992 Somer Brodribb,All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-74219-446-2
CHAPTER 1
A SPACE ODYSSEY
What women need to do, to put it in the simplest way, is to be able to demonstrate that male dominant culture and the male-stream thought which buttresses and justifies it are both, in some sense, prejudiced by the very fact that they are masculine.
One way of doing this, or at least of starting to do it, is to consider male philosophy as an ideology of male supremacy. (O'Brien: 1981, p. 5)
Postmodernists view de Beauvoir's work as hopelessly foundationalist (grounded in a theory of human nature) and transcended by Lacanian psychoanalysis. Nevertheless, she had her own views on the "new" postmodern writing of Robbe-Grillet and others. The violently individualist, amoral, apathetic and misogynist nouveau roman was the literary event of the '60s. Hubert Aquin and Alain Robbe-Grillet are two of the better known authors in this genre. In her discussion of Klossowski, de Sade, Bataille and phallic fantasy/ideology, Dardigna cites the following interview with Robbe-Grillet:
There is in all my novels an attack on the body, at the same time the social body, the body of the text and the body of woman, all three stacked together. It is certain that, in the male fantastic, the body of woman is the privileged target. In no way am I ashamed of my sado-erotic fantasies; I give them a major role: the life of the fantastic is what the human being must claim most strongly (Dardigna: 1981, p. 21).
These thriller detective novels of the "God is Dead and I'm okay" period typify a certain masculinity, which professes not heroes, but anti-heroes. Simone de Beauvoir discusses her distress with the nouveau roman. "It is a dead world they are building, these disciples of the new school" (1968, p. 637). She charges that in their regressive, schizophrenic, metaphysical work,
the justifications and the discoveries coincide: the Revolution has failed, the future is slipping from our grasp, the country is sinking into political apathy, man's [sic] progress has come to a halt; if he is written about, it will be as an object; or we may even follow the example of the economists and technocrats who put objects in his place; in any event, he will be stripped of his historical dimension (1968, p. 636).
These are the common characteristics of the new school which "confuses truth and psychology refuses to admit interiority reduces exteriority to appearances" (1968, p. 636). De Beauvoir captures the superficiality and contra-mundane aspect of the post-1945, postmodern ideology: "appearances are everything, it is forbidden to go beyond them the world of enterprises, struggles, need, work, the whole real world, disappears into thin air" (1968, p. 636). She charges that "with the intention of saying nothing, they mask the absence of content with formal convolutions." (1968, p. 636). De Beauvoir links this "escape into fantasies about the absolute" and "defeatism" (1968, p. 637) to the degraded situation of France and the rise of fascism there.
Those who have stood at the door of the Masters' House of science and subjectivity, of class and state power, have been struck by what O'Brien calls "an ironic sense in which the understanding of how hegemony works might well be clarified in an ethnography of Marxist intellectuals" (1989, p. 233). Maria-Antonietta Macciocchi, a former student of Louis Althusser, looks back at the men of her generation and recalls life among the men of science and subjectivity, class and state power. She chronicles their disappearance as the ending of an era:
Nikos Poulantzas committed suicide on October 3, 1979. Lacan dissolved his school on March 16, 1980. Sartre died on April 15, 1980. Barthes, victim of an automobile accident on February 18, 1980, died in the month of April in the same year. Althusser strangled his wife on November 17, 1980. Lacan died on September 19, 1981 (1983, p. 487).
Certainly, their works influenced, engaged and denounced one another in many ways. Althusser reread Marx and Lacan, Lacan reinterpreted Freud, Barthes' Mythologies was indebted to LeviStrauss's Mythologiques, Sartre influenced Foucault, and Poulantzas tried to write the methodological micro-histories called for by Althusser. Foucault said: "Open Althusser's books" (Bellour: 1971, p. 192) even though he disagreed that Marx represented an epistemological break with Classical thought. Louis Althusser read Lacan as having accomplished for the unconscious what he, Althusser, had done for the theory of the economic structure. Levi-Strauss sought to interpret the universal unconscious with language, while Freud considered the particular. Their two approaches merge in Lacan's work. Lacan turned to the mathematical sciences to reveal the functions of the unconscious just as Levi-Strauss described universal codes with the use of mathematics (Ragland-Sullivan: 1987, p. 138). This is not to deny the level of difference and disagreement within that period of French political and social theory. Althusser may have written of Freud and Lacan, but in 1980 he violently denounced Lacan as that "magnificent, pathetic Harlequin" (Clement: 1983, p. 21) at one of Lacan's private seminars to which he had gained access. Anti-Oedipus (1983) by Fe1ix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze was a rebellion against Father Lacan, which had some success among the Lacanian school. Deleuze was a former pupil and analysand of Lacan; as was Althusser. Some Lacanians followed the forbidden work of Jacques Derrida, who criticized Lacan's phallogocentricism in The Post Card (1987b). In the section "Le facteur de la verite", Derrida argued that Lacanian psychoanalysis was prescriptive rather than simply descriptive. Derrida and Foucault argued over origin and madness. All of these authors whose roots lay either in scientific Marxism or functionalist structuralism had denounced existentialism, yet at a certain point all were secretly turning to Sartre, and to the Romantic novelist Stendhal, writers who embraced the humanistic, metaphysical, historicist tradition that structuralism rejected (Macciocchi: 1983, p. 491).
Macciocchi deliberately describes Althusser's torments preceding his murder of his wife and his attempt to absolve his subjectivity. In the year before her death, Althusser test drove and pretended to purchase a Rolls Royce in London. In Italy, he spent an evening with an "earthy" woman who confided to a friend, "Yes, nothing but little kisses ... he's afraid of the body" (1983, p. 530). At a Terni Workers' Cultural Circle, he spoke for the first time on "The Pleasures of Marxism," performing as at a carnival of denunciation and absurdity in the face of orthodoxy and passivity. After this, he confessed to Macciocchi: "I told the truth, and I saved my soul" (1983, p. 535). She considers: "For the first time, I heard him speak in the first person. However, people turned their backs on him, furious that he was showing the gap between yesterday's utopias and today's realities, that he thereby touched the knot of theoretical reflexion, which was finally the knot of his own despair" (1983, p. 535). Macciocchi traced the "insolent" acts (1983, p. 538) of the twelve-month period prior to Althusser's murder of his wife, Helene Rythmann, and discovered his growing despair over communism, Marxism, and his work. But Macciocchi focuses on Althusser's epistemological breakdown, and not its patriarchal expression and force: "These three acts were the sundering ... [la rupture] ... of three inhibitions, of three chastity belts, with which marxism had cast subjects into iron statues. Human passions, the need to imagine, and the liberty of thinking — otherwise known as heresy" (1983, p. 538). The uxoricide is negated, used as a metaphor for Althusser's purported self-destruction, almost in the way Derrida uses the story Pierrot Murderer of His Wife to focus on subjectivity. According to Macciocchi:
By killing Helene, in a final grip of love and hate, he sent to the tomb the Mother, the nurse, the companion, the Jew he had protected from persecution, and also the only voice that could prolong his own. He really wanted to silence himself forever (1983, p. 537).
Monique Plaza calls Althusser's murder of Helene Rythmann "ideology in action" (1984a, p. 75). She argues that "the murder of a woman is within the continuum of the discursive negation of women ideology against women is not just a matter of words; it is also a matter of death" (1984a, p. 75). When Plaza presented this paper to an international symposium on Ideology at the Polytechnic of Central London in 1981, organizers requested that she remove this discussion of Althusser's murder of his wife (1984a, p. 82). Geraldine Finn argues that we must attend to the political and personal:
We cannot afford to continue to separate the intellectual in a man (I choose my terms carefully) from the emotional: the depression from the ideas; or the political from the personal: the commitment to class struggle from the stormy marriage, the dead wife. Neither Althusser, "France", nor the world's intellectuals and revolutionaries will acknowledge patriarchy as the powerful, pervasive and pernicious ideological state apparatus which it is; at the same time, none of them escape its effects (Finn: 1981, p. 28, italics in original).
When Althusser died in 1990, many masculine Marxists and philosophers still found reference to the murder to be in very bad taste. One obituary read:
It is still too early to draw up a balance sheet. The master has left too deep an impression on us. Above all, the man was so close to us, with his exquisite gentleness, his tact ...
Then came the tragedy, which he himself described, partly out of a sense of propriety and partly out of derision, as the "non-event", the killing of his wife, the committal to hospital (Comte-Sponville: 1990, p. 16).
Gregory Elliott is more indignant and feels that Althusser is unjustly attacked and beset: "doubtless pour decourager les autres, some have not hesitated to identify the death of Helene Althusser at her husband's hands as the inevitable denouement of [his theoretical endeavour]" (1991, p. 28). Indeed, Helene victimizes Louis Althusser by staging a supposed murder, murder rendered now in quotation:
When, in November 1980, defeat came, provoked in part by the political setbacks of the late '70s, the pitiless form it took — the "murder" of his companion of some thirty-five years — condemned him to oblivion thereafter (1991, p. 29).
Melancholic musings on the Master beset by feminism and the woman he murdered. A Master is Being Beaten.
No manifesto has been endorsed by structuralism, the nouveau roman, semiotics, deconstruction, poststructuralism and postmodernism. The Saussurian-dominated intellectual problematic was inaugurated by Levi-Strauss in reaction to the Marxism and existentialism of Sartre and others. Yet the indefinability and shifting categorization of Lacan, Derrida and Foucault contribute to the confusion surrounding already abstract, slippery texts. It's difficult to know who is what, where, and when. This is also complicated by their search for ancestors. John Rajchman (1991, p. 120) remarks that "postmodernism is what the French learned Americans were calling what they were thinking." What follows is a brief presentation of definitions and a history of the categories.
Male-stream literature (Esprit, 1967; Caws, 1968) named the stars of the French structuralist movement: Claude Levi-Strauss, the founding father from anthropology; Roland Barthes from belles lettres and literary criticism; Foucault and Derrida in the philosophical mode; Althusser the structuralist Marxist; and Lacan, the fundamentalist and surrealist Freudian. Pavel (1990, p. 5) argues that the work of Levi-Strauss, Lacan, Foucault and Derrida has the following common features: the use of linguistic concepts, the critique of humanism, subjectivity and truth and "the replacement of metaphysics by metacriticism" (1990, p. 6, italics in original). Of the rise and "fall" of French structuralism and poststructuralism, Pavel writes "in France during the 1960s, the concepts of structural linguistics were transformed into a lasting set of metaphysical notions, which, in turn, played a crucial role in one of this century's most spectacular attempts to achieve intellectual modernization" (1990, p. 1). Lacan makes this proposition clear in "The Meaning of the Phallus":
This passion of the signifier then becomes a new dimension of the human condition, in that it is not only man who speaks, but in man and through man that it [9a] speaks, that his nature is woven by effects in which we can find the structure of language, whose material he becomes, and that consequently there resounds in him, beyond anything ever conceived of by the psychology of ideas, the relation of speech (1985b, p. 78).
Language, sign, and code are the privileged forms of mediation, which is reduced to exchange. The post-war emphasis on rational positivism and critique of metaphysics led many philosophers to borrow scientific models from the human sciences, especially linguistics. Meaning and value had no place in the analysis of signifier and signified. Indeed, the new epistemology is primarily linguistic. Central to all this is the notion of structure as the reduction of matter to form. According to Levi-Strauss, structuralism, unlike formalism, does not distinguish between form and matter. On the contrary, it challenges such distinction: "Form defines itself by opposition to a content which is exterior to it; but structure has no content: it is itself the content, apprehended in a logical organization conceived as a property of the real" (Levi-Strauss: 1960, p. 122). This is foundational to postmodernism's epistemology: structure is matter, energy is male, and He is the female of form as well.
Edith Kurzweil defines structuralism as "the systematic attempt to uncover deep universal mental structures as these manifest themselves in kinship and larger social structures, in literature, philosophy and mathematics, and in the unconscious psychological patterns that motivate human behaviour" (1980, p. 1). Josue Harari has determined the following basic outlines of a structuralist position: "(1) the rejection of the concept of the 'full subject' to the benefit of that of structure; (2) the loss of the pertinence of the traditional 'form/content' division in so far as for all structuralist theorists content derives its reality from its structure; and, (3) at the methodological level, a stress on codification and systematization" (1979, p. 27).
Structuralism became fashionable during France's conservative Gaullist period, in a climate of political resignation. Marxists have critiqued its conservatism, anti-humanism, and self-referentiality. Jost Hermand has argued that structuralism's pessimistic emphasis on unalterable structures serves the interests of state interventionist monopoly capitalism:
Serving these functions, structuralism once again reveals its ideological affinity for the establishment. Positivism, with its emphasis on the individual, was an accurate reflection of the principle of free enterprise within the bourgeois system. Structuralism shows that even the bourgeois who are fighting so desperately to maintain their privileged position have become the captives of structures (read "monopolies") (Hermand: 1975, p. 220).
The political engagement typical of Sartre's existentialist stance was abandoned, and according to Hermand, "a period of luxurious tristesse set in" (1975, p. 214). In discussing the reception of French structuralism in Germany, Hermand indicates that it was attractive to traditionalists who appreciated the following qualities: "the emphasis on the purely formal, the historical timelessness, the apparent 'scholarliness' of an absolutely objective, even scientific method and, last but not least, ideological independence which seemed to be free of all political affiliations" (1975, p. 213).
Structuralism was ridiculed during the student movement of 1968. French students wrote on the walls of the Sorbonne: "Structures do not take to the streets" (Roudiez: 1975, p. 212). This may be why "everyone" was a structuralist in the early 1960s, but after 1968, few admitted it. Apostles became apostates: Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Michel Foucault, Philippe Sollers and Julia Kristeva of the Tel Quel group all repudiated the label. The attempt to modernize the human sciences via structuralism's promise of scientific credentials had met with setbacks. For example, the collaborative projects of followers of Lacan and Levi-Strauss to establish connections between the "constituent units" of myths and analysands' dreams with computer technologies had failed (Kurzweil: 1980, p. 21). Both Levi-Strauss and Lacan were concerned with unconscious structures, one at the universal, anthropological level of tribal myth, the other at the individual, psychological level. It was believed that human minds, histories and desires could be input and printed out like pure data, and read like algebraic equations, mathematical laws. In spite of the inevitable failure of this project, the work which developed out of structuralism remained part of the century of Saussure and linguistic law:
In France in the 1960s, linguistics, in particular structural linguistics, brought the promise of a true scientific conversion for the humanities. When this project miscarried, linguistics provided the critics of the scientific approach with the conceptual weapons of their discontent. Cultural, epistemological and metaphysical debates were all expressed in a vocabulary bristling with linguistic jargon (Pavel: 1990, p. vii).
(Continues...)
Excerpted from Nothing Mat(t)ers by Somer Brodribb. Copyright © 1992 Somer Brodribb,. Excerpted by permission of Spinifex Press.
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Table of Contents
Contents
PREFACE,INTRODUCTION The Labyrinth,
CHAPTER ONE A Space Odyssey,
CHAPTER TWO Nothingness and De/generation,
CHAPTER THREE Existence and Death,
CHAPTER FOUR Neutrality andDe/meaning,
CHAPTER FIVE Lacan and Irigaray: Ethical Lack and Ethical Presence,
CHAPTER SIX Out of Oblivion,
REFERENCES,
PERMISSIONS,
INDEX,