Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION... 1
1 MIDGARD THROUGH THE EYES OF THE NORSE.. 3
1.1 The Lands of the Norsemen.. 3
1.2 Boundaries, Frontiers and What Lies Beyond.. 4
1.3 Societal Structures of the Norsemen.. 5
1.4 Gender Conformities Were NOT a Thing of the Past 6
1.5 The Tiers of Societal Classes. 9
1.6 Viking Acculturation.. 10
1.7 Symbols of the Futhark Alphabet and their Interpretation 12
1.8 How Runes Translate into Sagas. 15
1.9 Common Sources of Norse Mythology.. 16
1.10 Conclusion.. 17
2 THE ASPECTS OF NORSE RELIGION... 19
2.1 How the Vikings Saw the Universe. 19
2.2 An Overview of the Nine Realms. 20
2.2.1 Asgard.. 20
2.3 Vanaheim... 21
2.4 Midgard.. 22
2.5 Alfheim... 22
2.6 Svartalfheim... 23
2.7 Jotunheim... 23
2.8 Nidavellir. 24
2.9 Muspellheim... 24
2.10 Niflheim... 25
2.11 The Interconnectedness of All Life. 25
2.12 Why Yggdrasil is a Central Figure in the Universe of the Norsemen 26
2.13 Time, Destiny, and Death.. 28
2.14 Time According to the Vikings. 28
2.15 Were the Vikings in Control of their Lives?. 29
2.16 The Norns. 30
2.17 The Afterlife Was Not Always Paradise. 31
2.18 Courage, not Morality Determines Your Afterlife. 32
2.19 Hel (Domain). 32
2.20 Valhalla. 34
2.21 Places and Times for Worship.. 37
2.22 Sacrifices. 44
2.23 How the Vikings communed with the Magical and Spiritual Worlds 46
2.24 Conclusion.. 48
3 IN THE BEGINNING... 49
3.1 An Introduction to the Cosmogony of the Norsemen 49
3.2 How the Universe Looked at the Beginning of Time. 50
3.3 Ginnungagap.. 50
3.4 Muspellheim... 51
3.5 Niflheim and the Elivagr. 51
3.5.1 A Land of Fire, Ice, and Chaos. 52
3.6 The First Beings. 53
4 CONCLUSION... 60
5 REFERENCES.. 63