Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience, Second Edition / Edition 2

by John E. Dowling

Overview

Harvard University Press is proud to announce the second edition of a widely admired introductory textbook. When first published, Neurons and Networks filled the need for an introductory neuroscience text that is lucid, accessible, authoritative, logically organized, and concise. Avoiding the encyclopedic coverage that makes most neuroscience texts overwhelming, Neurons and Networks focused instead on building the solid foundation of understanding and knowledge required for further study.

The new edition retains the features that made the first edition so attractive: consistent emphasis on results and concepts that have stood the test of time; abundant high-quality illustrations; exceptionally clear explanations of technical terms. Completely revised and enlarged with six new chapters, the second edition of Neurons and Networks is an introduction not just to neurobiology, but to all of behavioral neuroscience. It is an ideal text for first- or second-year college students with minimal college science exposure. It is also an invaluable resource for students in biology, psychology, anthropology, and computer science who seek an accessible guide to a discipline that will be a critically important area of research in the twenty-first century.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674004627
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	07/30/2001
Series:	Belknap Series
Edition description:	New edition
Pages:	592
Product dimensions:	8.00(w) x 9.25(h) x 1.50(d)

About the Author

John E. Dowling is Gordon and Llura Gund Professor of Neurosciences at Harvard University, and Professor of Ophthalmology (Neuroscience) at Harvard Medical School. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, The American Philosophical Society, and The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he also has won The Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research, the Paul Kayser International Eye Research Award of the International Society for Eye Research, and the Glenn A. Fry Medal in Physiological Optics.

Table of Contents

Preface

PART ONE NEURONS: CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE

1 Probing the Brain

Anatomical Approaches: Visualizing Neurons

Observing Individual Nerve Cells

Physiological Approaches: Recording Electrical Activity

EEGs and Other Field Potentials

Single-Cell Recordings

Molecular Biological Approaches: Mapping Molecules

Recombinant DNA Technology

Monoclonal Antibodies and Genetic Mutants

Summary

Further Reading

2 Cells and Synapses

Neurons and Glia

Neuronal Structure

Golgi Type I Neurons

Axonal Transport

The Myelin Sheath

Golgi Type II Neurons

Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Neuromuscular and Sensory Cell Junctions

Electrical Synapses

Summary

Further Reading

3 Membranes and the Resting Potential

Properties of Neural Potentials

Membranes: Their Structure and Electrical Properties

Freeze-Fracture Studies

Reconstituted Membranes

Membrane Channels

Measuring Membrane Resistance and Capacitance

The Equivalent Circuit of Membranes

Resting Potentials

A Simpli fied Model

The Nernst Equation and Equilibrium Potentials

The Goldman Equation and the Determination of Resting Potentials

Variations and Exceptions

How Many Ions Cross the Membrane?

Maintenance of Ion Concentrations: Ion Pumps

Summary

Further Reading

4 Action Potentials and Their Propagation

The Generation of Action Potentials

Voltage-Dependent Permeability Changes

Voltage-Clamp Analysis

Effects of Drugs on Na + and K + Currents

The Na + Channel

Single-Channel Records

Metabolic Considerations

Ion Conductances during the Action Potential

Ca 2 + Channels and Other Voltage-Sensitive Channels

The Propagation of Action Potentials

Current Spread

Impulse Propagation

Speed of Propagation

Saltatory Conduction

Summary

Further Reading

5 Synaptic Potentials

Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses

The Axon Hillock and the Generation of Action Potentials

Analyzing Synaptic Potentials

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

Single-Channel Recordings

Presynaptic Inhibition

Electrical Synapses

The Neuromuscular Junction

Summary

Further Reading

6 The Chemistry of Synaptic Transmission

Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Timing

Drugs and Synaptic Transmission

Myasthenia Gravis: A Neuromuscular Disease

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

Neuromodulation

Identifying Transmitters and Modulators

Classes of Neuroactive Substances

Acetylcholine

Amino Acids

Monoamines

Neuropeptides

Summary

Further Reading

7 Receptors and Receptor Potentials

Mechanoreceptors

Somatosensory Receptors

Adaptation

Hair Cells and Audition

Second-Messenger Receptors

Olfactory Receptors

Vertebrate Photoreceptors

Regulation of the Na + Channels

Photoreceptor Adaptation

Summary

Further Reading

8 Membrane Channels and Receptor Proteins

Ligand Gating: The Acetylcholine Channel

Voltage Sensitivity: Shaker Flies and Potassium Channels

Ion Selectivity

Visual Pigments and Receptor Proteins

Discovery of the Visual Pigments

Vision and Vitamin A

The Action of Light and Visual Pigment Intermediates

Color Vision

Summary

Further Reading

PART TWO NETWORKS: SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE

9 Invertebrate Nervous Systems

Nervous System Design

Cellular Organization

Ganglion Organization

Command Neurons

Mechanisms Underlying Behavior

Neuronal Properties: Inking in Aplysia

Neural Circuitry: Lateral Inhibition in the Limulus Eye

Summary

Further Reading

10 Control of Rhythmic Motor Behavior

The Heartbeat in the Leech

Swimming in Tritonia

Defensive Withdrawal

Modulation of Neural Circuits

The Pyloric Central Pattern Generator

Summary

Further Reading

11 Synaptic Plasticity: An Invertebrate Model of Memory and Learning

Early Theories

Reverberating Circuits

Aggregate Field Theory

The Gill-Withdrawal Re flex in Aplysia

Habituation

The Neural Circuitry of the Re flex

Sensitization

Long-Term Habituation and Sensitization

A Summary Scheme of Sensitization

Classical Conditioning

Summary

Further Reading

12 The Vertebrate Brain

The Central Nervous System

The Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord Re flexes

Ascending and Descending Pathways

The Brain

Medulla and Pons

Hypothalamus

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Basal Ganglia

Brain Ventricles

Cerebral Cortex

Summary

Further Reading

13 Motor Control in Vertebrates

The Autonomic Nervous System

Ganglion Organization

Control of the Heartbeat

Voluntary Movement

Locomotion

Sensory Feedback and Locomotion

Feedback and Motor Control: An Overall Scheme

The Initiation of Movements

Motor Programs

Summary

Further Reading

14 Retinal Processing of Visual Information

The Retina

Cellular Organization

The Initial Stages of Visual Processing

The Signi ficance of Retinal Processing

Cellular Mechanisms

Synapses in the Retina

Neuronal Responses

Receptive Field Organization

Functional Organization of the Retina

Modulation of Retinal Synapses

Summary

Further Reading

15 Cortical Processing of Visual Information

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

The Visual Cortex

Simple Cells

Complex Cells

The Signi ficance of Cortical Receptive Fields

The Formation of Cortical Receptive Fields

Binocular Interaction and Depth Perception

Summary

Further Reading

16 The Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Lateral Geniculate Architecture

The Visual Cortex: Area V1

Columnar Organization

Orientation Columns

Hypercolumns

Color Processing

Cortical Plasticity: The Effects of Visual Deprivation

Responses of Cells in Newborn Animals

Visual Deprivation

The Critical Period

Strabismus

Pattern Deprivation

Mechanisms Underlying Deprivation Changes

Summary

Further Reading

17 The Development of the Brain

The Neural Plate, Tube, and Crest

The Proliferation and Migration of Neural Cells

The Differentiation of Neurons

Cell Lineage in the Nematode

Cell Interactions in the Fruit fly Eye

Axon Projection and Synapse Formation

Cell Adhesion Experiments and Molecules

The Chemoaf finity Theory Revisited

Axonal Guidance

Neuronal and Synapse Maturation

Trophic Substances and Nerve Growth Factor

Summary

Further Reading

PART THREE BRAIN TO MIND: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

18 Higher Levels of Cortical Function

Area V2 and Higher Visual Areas

Face Recognition

Visual Processing

Visual Perception

Cortical Plasticity

Modulation of Receptive Field Properties

Modi fiability of Sensory and Motor Maps

Summary

Further Reading

19 Language and the Human Brain

Language Areas

Language Acquisition

Brain Lateralization

Left Brain –Right Brain Dichotomies

Exploring the Human Brain

Imaging Brain Function

Summary

Further Reading

20 Learning and Memory

Temporal Lobe Stimulation and Memories

Consolidating Memories: The Hippocampus and Medial

Temporal Lobes

Memory Classi fication

Storage of Declarative Memories

The Hippocampus and LTP

Short-Term Memory

Working Memory

Summary

Further Reading

21 Emotions and Rationality

Origins of Emotions and Feelings

Hypothalamus

Stress

Amygdala

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Summary

Further Reading

22 Reinforcing Behaviors, Homeostasis Regulation, and Motivation

Reinforcement: The Nucleus Accumbens

Addicting Drugs

Temperature Regulation

Thirst and Drinking

Hypovolemic Thirst

Osmotic Thirst

Hunger and Eating

Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Satiety

Lateral Hypothalamus and Hunger

Signals Mediating Hunger and Satiety

Sexual Behavior

Summary

Further Reading

23 Sleep, Clocks, and Consciousness

Sleep

The Electroencephalogram and Sleep

Stages of Sleep

Dreaming

Dream Content

Control of Arousal and Sleep

The Role of Sleep

Circadian Clocks

Consciousness

Summary

Further Reading

Appendix. Electrical Charge and Circuits

Credits

Index

Editorial Reviews

[Neurons and Networks] covers the classic material of neurobiology. It has evolved from years of lectures given to undergraduates at Harvard University by the renowned retinal physiologist John Dowling… Overall, this is a sober and scholarly volume that strikes me, with its terse, no-frills style and reliance on the history of ideas, as very Harvard. Although intended as an introduction to basic neurobiology, it is a satisfying book at several levels.

Nature - Michael R. Hanley

[Neurons and Networks] provides an up-to-date introduction to the whole field of neuroscience… It falls into two parts, each consisting of nine chapters: neurons (cellular neuroscience) and networks (integrative neuroscience). Dowling uses the foundations in the cell biology, biophysics and biochemistry of neurons laid in the first part to develop an account of the system properties of networks such as memory, visual processing and motor control.

Times Higher Education Supplement - C. U. M. Smith

[Neurons and Networks] provides an up-to-date introduction to the whole field of neuroscience...It falls into two parts, each consisting of nine chapters: neurons (cellular neuroscience) and networks (integrative neuroscience). Dowling uses the foundations in the cell biology, biophysics and biochemistry of neurons laid in the first part to develop an account of the system properties of networks such as memory, visual processing and motor control.
— C. U. M. Smith

Times Higher Education Supplement

[Neurons and Networks] covers the classic material of neurobiology. It has evolved from years of lectures given to undergraduates at Harvard University by the renowned retinal physiologist John Dowling…Overall, this is a sober and scholarly volume that strikes me, with its terse, no-frills style and reliance on the history of ideas, as very Harvard. Although intended as an introduction to basic neurobiology, it is a satisfying book at several levels.
— Michael R. Hanley

Nature