NAHB-OSHA Scaffold Safety Handbook, English-Spanish
136
NAHB-OSHA Scaffold Safety Handbook, English-Spanish
136Paperback(None)
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Overview
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780867185744 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | National Association of Home Builders |
| Publication date: | 01/01/2004 |
| Edition description: | None |
| Pages: | 136 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.00(w) x 7.00(h) x 0.30(d) |
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CHAPTER 1
Training Requirements
Workers must be trained on the hazards of scaffolds before erecting, using, modifying, moving, or dismantling them.
Working on Scaffold
All workers who will be using scaffolds must be trained by a qualified person who is able to recognize and minimize scaffold hazards.
The training must include safe work practices for:
[check] Electrical Hazards
[check] Fall Protection Systems
[check] Falling Object Protection Systems
[check] Proper Usage of Scaffolds
[check] Materials Handling on Scaffolds
[check] Load-Carrying Capacities
Competent person. A competent person is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees. A competent person is authorized by the employer to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate the unsafe working conditions.
Qualified person. A qualified person has earned a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Erecting and Dismantling Scaffold
In addition, training by a competent person must be given to workers who erect, dismantle, move, operate, repair, maintain, and inspect scaffolds.
The training must include safe work practices for:
[check] Erecting
[check] Dismantling
[check] Moving
[check] Operating
[check] Repairing
[check] Maintenance
[check] Inspecting
Workers must be re-trained if they lack the necessary safe work practice skills for erecting, using, or dismantling scaffolds.
Retraining also is required when workers are exposed to new hazards on the job, such as a change in the type of scaffold being used, changes in the use of a scaffold fall protection system or falling object protection system or when workers show signs of not knowing how to work safely.
CHAPTER 2General Requirements
The scaffold standard requires that only a competent person be allowed to evaluate and/or train for certain tasks. Scaffolds can only be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered under the supervision and direction of a competent person.
Capacity
Each scaffold must be capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4 times the expected load. The expected load includes workers, equipment, tools, and materials.
This section applies to scaffolds often used in the residential construction industry unless stated otherwise. Before building scaffolds, review all sections of the regulation to be sure you are following OSHA's requirements.
SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION
[check] Plank fully
* Each platform on all working levels of scaffolds must be fully planked or decked with no more than a 1-inch space between the decking/platform units and the upright supports.
* If there is not enough space to plank/deck fully, then you must plank/deck as much as you can.
* All working platforms must be 18 inches wide for most scaffolds.
Exception: The decking/platforms for ladder jack, pump jack, top plate, trestle, and roof bracket scaffolds should be at least 12 inches wide.
* If using the platform as a walkway, or for erecting or dismantling the scaffold, you only have to deck as much as necessary to ensure worker safety.
* Wood scaffold planks should be nominal 2[X] × 10[X] (actual 11/2[X] × 9¼[X]) and must be Scaffold Grade Planks or equivalent. Which means that planks must bear the stamp of a grading agency approved by the American Lumber Standard Committee or equivalent. See appendix C for examples.
[check] Erect scaffolds close to the face of the work
* The front edge of the platform must be within 14 inches of the face of the work for most operations. If this is not possible, workers must be protected with guardrails or personal fall arrest systems.
Exception: The distance between the edge of the platform and the face of the work can be 18 inches when plastering and lathing.
* The maximum distance from the face for outrigger scaffolds is 3 inches. This is commonly used on fabricated frame scaffolds.
[check] Secure and cleat the platform planking
* Platforms and planking must be cleated and/or attached to the scaffold or must extend at least 6 inches past the supports.
* Platforms or planks 10 feet in length or less cannot extend past the supports more than 12 inches unless there is support for the cantilevered sections or guardrails that block employee access to the cantilevered end.
* Platforms or planks greater than10 feet in length cannot extend past the supports more than 18 inches unless there is support for the cantilevered sections or guardrails that block employee access to the cantilevered end.
* If workers cannot access those cantilevered sections, no support for that section of the platform is needed.
[check] Creating longer platform planking
* When creating longer platforms be sure that adjoining ends of the plank rest on separate supports or are secured.
* Each end of planks must have 12 inches of overlap on the supports; otherwise, ends must be nailed or somehow secured together.
[check] Keep the wood planks/platforms in good shape
* Tops and bottoms of work platforms must not be painted with anything that will hide defects.
* They may be coated with wood preservatives, fireretardant finishes, and slip-resistant finishes;
* However, the coating must be clear or translucent and may not obscure the top or bottom wood surfaces.
* Only sides can be painted for identification.
Checking of Scaffold Boards
A board should not be used if:
[check] Either end is split so much as to cause a weakness.
[check] It is damaged by fracture or saw cut, is splintered, has nails sticking out of it, or has a lot of concrete or plaster sticking to it.
[check] It has had oil, corrosive liquid, or acid spilled on it.
[check] It has any part painted (which may cover up a weakness or/defect).
[check] It is excessively warped or any part is decayed.
[check] It has been overloaded or used for other purposes.
CRITERIA FOR SUPPORTED SCAFFOLDS
Most scaffolds used in the residential construction industry are supported scaffolds. Some basic rules must be followed to ensure that your scaffolds are properly supported.
• All scaffolds must be built and braced according to the manufacturer's specifications to prevent tipping. OSHA also requires that you follow some very specific requirements listed in the regulation.
• Supported scaffold feet, poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must bear on base plates and mud sills. They must rest on a firm, stable foundation.
• Do not use makeshift objects (blocks, brick, etc.) to support the scaffold feet.
• Do not use front-end loaders or similar equipment to support scaffolds unless they have been designed for that use by the manufacturer.
• Do not use forklifts to support scaffolds unless the entire platform is attached to the fork per manufacturer recommendations and the lift is not moved horizontally while workers are on the platform.
• Make sure all legs, uprights, posts, and frames are plumb and fully braced to prevent swaying.
Access
Access onto scaffolds is an important part of scaffold safety. Scaffold platforms more than 2 feet above or below the access point must have portable, hook-on, or attachable ladders or scaffold stairways to allow workers to get on and off the scaffold.
You can have direct access from another scaffold or the structure as long as it is not more than 14 inches away horizontally and not more than 24 inches vertically.
NOTE: Cross braces can't be used to climb on or off scaffolds.
Ladders used for access must be positioned and secured to prevent the scaffold from tipping, and the bottom rung cannot be more than 24 inches above the ground or floor.
Make sure your hook-on or attachable ladders are specifically designed for use with the type of scaffold used. Rungs must be at least 111/2 inches long and have a maximum uniform spacing of 16½ inches between the rungs.
Use
Scaffolds must be used properly to ensure worker safety and must not be loaded in excess of their design load or rated capacities.
The competent person must inspect the scaffold and its parts before each workshift and after any event that may weaken the scaffold. Listed below are some of the actions to avoid when using scaffolds.
• Do not use damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold.
• Do not move a scaffold while workers are on it, unless it is a mobile scaffold and designed to be moved when workers are on the scaffold.
• Do not swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag line.
• Do not work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless the competent person decided that it is safe to do so.
• Do not allow workers to get on scaffolds that contain snow, ice, or other slippery material except as necessary for removal of such materials.
• Do not let extra material build up on the platforms.
• Do not let wood planks deflect more than 1/60 of the span, that is 2 inches for a 10 foot plank.
• Do not use ladders, boxes, barrels or other makeshift contraptions to raise worker heights.
• Do not erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of overhead high voltage power lines.
The clearance between scaffolds and power lines must be as follows:
Insulated Lines Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives
Less than 300 volts 3 feet NA
300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet NA More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 0.4 inches for each 1 2 times the length of the line insulator, but kv over 50 kv never less than 10 feet
Uninsulated Lines Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives
Less than 50 kv 10 feet NA More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 0.4 inches for each 1 2 times the length of the line insulator, but kv over 50 kv never less than 10 feet
Fall Protection
Fall protection must be provided on all scaffolds greater than 10 feet high. (In California protection must be provided on all scaffolds greater than 7 feet high.) Usually this is done with guardrails. Guardrail systems must be installed before the scaffold is released for use by employees other than during the erection and dismantling of scaffold. Install guardrails along all open sides and ends, and you must comply with the following requirements:
[check] Toprails must be installed between 39 and 45 inches high.
[check] Midrails must be installed halfway between the platform and the toprail. If using mesh or panels, install them from the top to bottom of the guardrail.
[check] Toprails must withstand 200 pounds of downward or outward force, and must not be made of steel or plastic banding. Rail ends must not hang over the edge of scaffolds.
check] All midrails must withstand at least 150 pounds of downward or outward force.
Cross bracing can be used in place of toprails or midrails (but not both at the same time) if the cross is between 20 and 30 inches above the platform for the midrail, or 38 to 48 inches above the platform for the toprail, and the endpoints are not more than 48 inches apart.
Guardrails must be surfaced to prevent puncture wounds or lacerations on workers and to prevent clothing from getting caught.
When using ladder jack scaffolds, a personal fall arrest system must be used when the scaffold height is greater than 10 feet.
On crawling boards/chicken ladders, a personal fall arrest system, or a grab rope alongside the crawling board must be used to protect workers.
Falling Object Protection
Falling off scaffolds isn't the only threat to worker safety. Often tools and materials are knocked over or fall off the scaffold and hit workers.
Anyone working on or around a scaffold must wear a hard hat.
Workers on or below scaffolds must be protected from falling objects. This can be done with barricades, toeboards, mesh, screens, or equivalent measures. Securing large or heavy objects and materials away from the edge can protect workers.
Toeboards must be placed as high as the materials that can fall off the scaffold. They must be at least 31/2 inches high and must be able to withstand 50 pounds of force.
Types of Scaffold
Fabricated Frame Scaffold Pump Jack Scaffold Ladder Jack Scaffold Saw Horse Scaffold Step, Platform, or Trestle Ladder Scaffold Mobile Scaffolds Mobile Utility Scaffold Roof Bracket Scaffold Carpenters' Wall Bracket Scaffold Carpenters' Top Plate Bracket Scaffold Aerial Lifts
Fabricated Frame Scaffolds (tubular — welded frame scaffold)
In addition to following the manufacturer's recommendations, be sure you follow the rules listed below.
[check] All scaffolding must be inspected before use to insure that it is in good condition.
[check] Do not use scaffold if there are damaged parts such as rust.
When moving scaffold planks to the next level, the existing platform should not be removed until the new end frames are set in place and braced.
Pump Jack Scaffolds
A pump jack scaffold is a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by vertical poles and movable brackets.
Vertical pole members can be constructed of wood or manufactured aluminum poles.
Aluminum Pole Pump Jack Scaffolds are more stable, offer excellent strength, and can prove to be cheaper to maintain in the long run.
When using pump jack scaffolds, builders often have the actual pump jack unit but do not have the other required elements of a properly built pump jack scaffold, such as guardrails or tie-ins. A review of the following information should remind you how to build a pump jack scaffold safely.
[check] Brackets, braces, and accessories must be made from metal plates and angles.
[check] Each bracket must have two gripping mechanisms to prevent slippage.
When using wood poles with pump jacks they must be straight-grained; free of shakes; free of large, loose, or dead knots; and without other defects that could weaken the pole. Wood poles that are built of two continuous lengths must be joined together with the seam parallel.
When 2 × 4s are spliced together to make a pole, mending plates must be used to maintain the full strength of the lumber.
NOTE: Wood poles should not exceed 30 feet.
NOTE: The work bench where the materials are stored may be used as a guardrail if it fits the proper height. Standing on the workbench is prohibited.
(Continues…)
Excerpted from "NAHB-OSHA Scaffold Safety Handbook, English-Spanish"
by .
Copyright © 2004 BuilderBooks.
Excerpted by permission of National Association of Home Builders.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
Table of Contents
Introduction,
Training Requirements,
Working on Scaffold,
Erecting and Dismantling Scaffold,
General Requirements,
Capacity,
Access,
Use,
Fall Protection,
Falling Object Protection,
Types of Scaffold,
Fabricated Frame Scaffold,
Pump Jack Scaffold,
Ladder Jack Scaffold,
Saw Horse Scaffold,
Step, Platform, and Trestle Ladder Scaffold,
Mobile Scaffold,
Mobile Utility Scaffold,
Roof Bracket Scaffold,
Carpenters' Wall Bracket Scaffold,
Top Plate Scaffold,
Aerial Lifts,
Appendix A: Competent Person Scaffold Inspection Checklist (Stationary Scaffold),
Appendix B: Scaffolding Work Surfaces,
Appendix C: Approved Plank Grade Stamps,
Glossary,