Table of Contents
Author Note viii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction x
Chapter 1 History of the Music Industry and Copyright Law 1
Music Formats 1
Why Is Copyright Important to Music? 13
Chapter 2 Copyright Law Basics 16
Duration of Copyright 23
Transferring Copyright 24
Termination of Transfer 26
Filing and Deposit Requirements 28
Notice 30
Enforcing Copyrights 30
Defenses Available in Infringement Actions 34
International Protection of Copyright 40
Chapter 3 Copyright in Music 42
Musical Works 43
Music Modernization Act 48
Sound Recordings 51
Traditional Model for Television, Film, and Video Game Licensing 56
Sampling, Mash-Ups, and Editable Tracks: Do You Need a License? 57
Chapter 4 What Is a "Copy" and What Is a "Performance"? 60
What Is a "Copy"? 60
What Is a "Performance"? 63
Chapter 5 Musical Works 65
Writers and Publishers: Copyright in Music Publishing 65
2019 EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market 72
Chapter 6 Sound Recordings 73
Chapter 7 Touring and Artist Management 80
Chapter 8 Copyright and the Changing Distribution of Music 83
Who Is Making Money in the "Digital Music Industry"? 87
Chapter 9 Digital Music Delivery Formats 89
Permanent Downloads 90
On-Demand Streams 94
Tethered Downloads 99
Internet Radio 101
Ad-Supported 104
Free/Promotional/Upsell Offerings 105
Payouts 106
Chapter 10 CRB Rate Decisions and Royalty Payments 110
What Is the CRB? 110
Who Are the Typical Parties in a CRB Hearing? 110
Mechanical Royalty Rate Setting Under Section 115 111
2009 Settlement 112
2012 Settlement 112
Webcasting Royalty Rate Setting 113
2016 Settlement 114
Chapter 11 Gaps in Copyright Law 115
Significant Litigation 117
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., et al. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005) 120
Viacom international Inc. v, YouTube, Inc. 122
Lack of Copyright Registries 123
Chapter 12 DMCA/Copyright Law Reform 124
The DMCA and the Music Business 126
EU Safe Harbor Reforms 130
Creative Commons and the "Copyleft" Movement 132
Transfer of Value 134
Chapter 13 UGC, NFTs, Al, Livestreaming, and More 136
Chapter 14 Overseas Licensing/Challenges of Operating in a Global Environment 141
EU Directives for Standardization 141
Chapter 15 How to Start an Online Music Service 144
Appendix A Abbreviations 147
Appendix B Performing Rights Organizations and Related Companies 148
United States 148
International Performing Rights Organizations 150
International Trade Associations 155
Appendix C A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001, excerpted) 158
Appendix D Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., et al. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005, excerpted) 168
Appendix E Payment Flows in Digital Music 172
Revenue Streams for a Writer/Publisher 172
Record Label/Revenue Streams for a Sound Recording Copyright Owner 173
Appendix F Helpful Documents 176
Artist Checklist 176
Songwriter Checklist 177
Sample DMCA Takedown Notice 178
Index 179
About the Author 189
Online Sample Contracts
Co-Publishing Agreement Sample
Management Agreement Sample
Master Recording License Agreement: Net Receipts Model Sample