Table of Contents
Chapter 1 What Is Multicultural Psychology?
What is Multicultural Psychology?
Narrow and Broad Definitions of Culture
Culture and Worldview
What Is Race?
Multicultural Psychology versus Cross-Cultural Psychology
Multiculturalism as a Philosophy
Why Do We Need the Field of Multicultural Psychology?
Multiculturalism as the Fourth Force
Understanding the Cultural Context of Behavior: The Biopsychosocial Model
The Basic Tenets of Multicultural Theory
Historical Background
Dubious Beginnings
We Begin to Define Ourselves
Gender Differences
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues
The Rise of Multiculturalism
Summary
Chapter 2 Multicultural Issues Involving Research and Testing
Research Methods in Psychology
The General Research Model
The White Standard
Internal versus External Validity
Quantitative versus Qualitative Research
Quantitative Approaches
Qualitative Approaches
Equivalence of Measures
Qualitative Approaches and Gender
Qualitative Approaches and Older Populations
Experimental Designs
Psychological Testing
Intelligence Testing
Intelligence, Context, and Older Adults
Alternative Conceptions of Intelligence
Personality and Diagnostic Testing
Summary
Chapter 3 Cultural Differences in Worldviews
Different Perspectives for Looking at Cultures
Imposing a Worldview
Understanding Differences from Within
Male and Female Perspectives
Well-Meaning Clashes
Individualism versus Collectivism
The Individual and Society
Guilt versus Shame
Face Giving and Social Support
Value Orientation and Worldviews
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation Model
Derald Wing Sue's Worldview Model
Ethnic Minority Worldview
Worldview of Women
Worldview of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Summary
Chapter 4 Cultural Differences in Communication
Conversational Rules
Nonverbal Aspects of Language
Proxemics
Kinesics
Paralanguage
High- versus Low-Context Communication
Direct versus Indirect Communication
Ethnic Minority Patterns of Communication
African Americans
Latinos/as
American Indians
Communication Patterns of the Elderly
Gender Differences in Communication
Bilingual Communication
Cognitive Consequences of Bilingualism
Social Consequences of Bilingualism
Summary
Chapter 5 Immigrants, Refugees, and the Acculturation Process
Immigrants and Refugees
Immigrants
Refugees
Common Experiences of Immigrants and Refugees
Language Barriers
Support Networks
Family Hierarchies
New Family Roles
Employment
Education
Acculturation
"Old" and "New" Immigrants
Models of Acculturation
Acculturation of Immigrants
Acculturation of Ethnic Minority Populations
The Migration Process
Ecological Context and Fit
Summary
Chapter 6 Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Categorizations of Race and Ethnicity
Stereotype Threat
The Development of Negative Stereotypes
Racism
Overt versus Covert Racism
The Response to Hurricane Katrina: A Case of Covert, Unintentional Racism?
Aversive Racism
Colorblind Ideology
Internalized Oppression
Racial Microaggressions
Microaggressions Broadly Defined
White Privilege
Summary
Chapter 7 Cultural Identity Development
A Model of Personal Identity
Racial Identity Development
African American Identity Development
White Identity Development
Chicano/Latino Identity Development
Asian American/Pilipino American Identity Development
Multiracial Identity Development
Gay/Lesbian Identity Development
Racial and Cultural Identity Development Model
Other Identities
A Critique of the Stage Models
Multiple Layering of Identities
Summary
Chapter 8 Culture and Health
Health and Health Behaviors
Health Disparities Defined
Causes of Health Disparities
Racism
Poverty
Structural Barriers
Access to the Health Care System
Differential Treatment
Mistrust of the Health Care System
Why Should We Care?
Bringing about Change
Sickle Cell Anemia: A Case Study
Summary
Chapter 9 Culture and Mental Health
Culture and Diagnosis
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: A Classification System
Culture and the Expression of Symptoms
Cultural Group Differences and Mental Health
The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project (ECA)
The Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES)
Ethnic/Racial Groups Not Well Represented in the Large
Epidemiological Studies
Critique of the Epidemiologic Studies
Conclusions from Existing Data
Gender Differences
Culture-Bound Syndromes
Eating Disorders: An American Culture-Bound Syndrome?
Culture and the Treatment of Mental Disorders
Underutilization of Mental Health Services
Barriers to Treatment
Culture-Bound Values as Barriers
Class-Bound Values as Barriers
Language Variables as a Barrier
Experience with Racism
Culturally Sensitive Therapeutic Approaches
The Training of Mental Health Professionals: Multicultural Competence
Cultural Matching
Culture-Specific Therapies
Example of a Culture-Specific Approach: African-Centered
Psychology
Treatment Issues and Strategies for Sexual Minorities
Summary
Chapter 10 Where Do We Go From Here? Building Multicultural Competence
How to Increase Your Multicultural Competence:
The Multicultural Competencies
Awareness of Your Own Cultural Attitudes
The Four F Reactions: Freeze, Flee, Flight, and Fright
The Five D's of Difference
Distancing
Denial
Defensiveness
Devaluing
Discovery
The Three S's of Similarity
Simple
Safe
Sane
Examining Your Biases, Prejudices, and Stereotypes
Learning about Your Own Culture
Understanding Other Worldviews
Learning Key Historical Events
Becoming Aware of Sociopolitical Issues
Knowing Basic Values and Beliefs
Understanding Cultural Practices
Knowing the Dynamics of Racism, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
Development of Culturally Appropriate Interpersonal Skills
Education and Training
Experience and Practice
Saying "I Don't Know" and Asking Questions
Travel
Speaking Up for Others: Being an Ally
Speaking Up for Oneself
Comfort with Difficult Dialogues
Developing Empathy
A Change in World View
Summary
Glossary
References
Credits
Index
