Table of Contents
1 Conservation principles 1
1.1 The law of conservation of mass 1
1.2 General balance equation 1
2 Balances in systems without chemical reaction 5
2.1 Formulation of the general equation of macroscopic mass balance 5
2.1.1 Overall balance 5
2.1.2 Component balance 6
2.2 Macroscopic mass balances for systems without chemical reaction at steady state 7
2.2.1 Overall balance 7
2.2.2 Component balance 8
2.3 Heuristic rules for the solution of problems on mass balance 8
2.4 Recirculation, purge or bypass 16
2.4.1 Recircutation/recycle and purge streams 16
2.4.2 Bypass stream 24
2.5 Air-water balance 26
2.5.1 Absolute and relative humidity 27
2.5.2 Psychometric diagrams 27
2.6 Study of the nonstationary state 31
2.7 Proposed problems 34
2.7.1 Balances to units and systems 34
2.7.2 Balances with recirculation, bypass and/or purge 37
2.7.3 Balances in the air-water balance 45
2.7.4 Mass balances in nonstationary state 49
3 Balances in systems with chemical reaction 51
3.1 Stoichiometry 51
3.1.1 Algebraic formulation 52
3.1.2 Conversion 55
3.1.2.1 Intensive conversion 57
3.1.2.2 Conversion 57
3.1.2.3 Relationship between molar conversion and degree of conversion 59
3.1.3 Limiting reactant and excess 59
3.1.4 Multiple reactions: yield and selectivity 66
3.2 Chemical equilibrium in systems with chemical reactions 71
3.2.1 Chemical equilibrium with gas-phase reactions 71
3.2.2 Acid-base reactions 83
3.2.3 Solubility product 89
3.3 Kinetic aspects: reaction rate 91
3.3.1 Integrated equations of reaction rate 91
3.3.2 Factors influencing reaction rate 93
3.3.2.1 Temperature 93
3.3.2.2 Catalysts 93
3.3.3 Application to Metabolic Engineering 95
3.4 Proposed problems 99
3.4.1 Stoichiometry 99
3.4.2 Systems in equilibrium 107
3.4.3 Kinetic controlled systems 112
4 Balances in multiple systems 115
4.1 Analysis of degrees of freedom 115
4.1.1 Specification of a system 115
4.1.2 Calculation of the number of degrees of freedom 115
4.2 Solution strategies 118
4.3 Synthesis of methanol 126
4.3.1 Degrees of freedom 128
4.3.2 Simulation based on mass balances: sequential modular method 129
4.4 Circular economy: obtaining sodium alginate from marine algae 139
4.4.1 Simulation based on mass balances 143
4.5 Proposed case studies 150
4.5.1 Production of iodine (I2) 150
4.5.2 Biomass gasification 151
4.5.3 Alkylation: iso-octane synthesis 152
4.5.4 Catalytic desalkylation of toluene for benzene production 153
4.5.5 Synthesis of sulfuric acid 154
4.5.6 Second-generation bioethanol production 156
4.5.7 Synthesis of β-galactosidase 157
4.5.8 Biogas conditioning for a cogeneration system 159
Nomenclature 161
Glossary 163
Bibliography 165
Appendices
Appendix A Systems of units: Excel CONVERT function 171
Appendix B Graphic symbols for process flow diagrams 177
Appendix C Solving nonlinear equations 183
Appendix D Solving a system of linear equations 194
Index 201
