Maritime Terrorism: Risk and Liability

by Michael D. Greenberg, Peter Chalk, Henry H. Willis, Ivan Khilko, David S. Ortiz

Overview

Though the historical occurrence of maritime terrorist attacks has been limited, maritime vessels and facilities may nevertheless be vulnerable to attack, with the potential for very significant consequences in the form of mass casualties, severe property damage, and disruption of commerce. This book explores maritime terrorism threats, vulnerabili

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780833040305
Publisher:	RAND Corporation
Publication date:	02/27/2007
Series:	RAND Corporation Monograph Series
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	206
Product dimensions:	6.02(w) x 9.07(h) x 0.53(d)

Table of Contents

The RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy     iii
CTRMP Advisory Board     v
Preface     vii
Figures     xiii
Tables     xv
Summary     xvii
Acknowledgments     xxv
Abbreviations     xxvii
Introduction     1
Analyzing Maritime Terrorism: Threat, Vulnerability, Consequences, and Liability     2
Focus on the Problem: Exploring Attacks Against Passenger and Container Shipping     6
The Contemporary Threat of Maritime Terrorism     9
Factors Underscoring the Contemporary Perceived Threat of Maritime Terrorism: Vulnerability, Capability, and Intent     10
Vulnerability of Maritime Targets     12
Capability of Terrorist Groups     13
Intent of Terrorist Groups     15
Contemporary Maritime-Capable Terrorist Groups     19
Scenarios of Potential Maritime Terrorist Activity in the Future     27
Consequences of Maritime Terrorism     29
Parties Affected by Maritime Terrorism     30
Connecting Consequences to Terrorist Events     31
Types of Consequences of Maritime Terrorism     33
Human Consequences of Terrorism     33
Economic and Intangible Consequencesof Property Damage     35
Economic and Intangible Consequences of Responding to Terrorism     36
Methods of Estimating Consequences of Maritime Terrorism     37
Civil Liability and Maritime Terrorism     39
Bounding the Scope of Civil Liability: U.S. Territory Versus International Waters     43
Civil Liability Analysis Always Begins by Identifying Who Is Hurt     46
U.S. Admiralty Law and Its Application to Maritime Terrorist Attacks     51
Defendants and Negligence Tort Claims in Maritime Terrorism     59
Maritime Security Regulations: A Source of Duty for Potential Tortfeasors     63
Maritime Terrorism, Supply Chain Disruption, and Contractual Liability     65
Discussion: Liability, Insurance, and Policy     68
Risks of Maritime Terrorism Attacks Against Cruise Ships     73
Attractiveness of Cruise Ships as Targets of Terrorism     75
Vulnerability of Cruise Ships to Terrorist Attacks     76
Potential Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on Cruise Ships     79
Human Consequences     80
Economic Consequences     81
Compensation for Injuries and Loss of Life     82
Increased Security Costs     82
Declines in Demand for Cruise Vacations     83
Other Economic Consequences     84
Intangible Consequences     85
Risks of Terrorist Attacks on Cruise Ships     85
Risks of Maritime Terrorism Attacks Against Passenger Ferries     93
Attractiveness of Ferries as Targets of Terrorism     95
Vulnerabilities of Ferries to Terrorist Attack     95
Potential Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on Ferries     99
Human Consequences     99
Economic Consequences     101
Compensation for Injuries and Loss of Life     101
Increased Security Costs     101
Other Economic Consequences     102
Intangible Consequences     102
Risks of Terrorist Attacks on Passenger Ferries     104
Risks of Maritime Terrorism Attacks Against Container Shipping     111
Attractiveness of Container Shipping as a Target of Terrorism     113
Vulnerabilities of the Container Shipping System to Terrorism     114
Potential Consequences of Terrorist Attacks on the Container Shipping System     118
Human Consequences     118
Economic Consequences     120
Intangible Consequences     124
Summary of Consequences     125
Risks of Terrorist Attacks on Container Shipping      125
Discussion     133
Conclusions and Recommendations     139
Qualitatively Assessing the Relative Risks of Maritime Terrorism     143
Bibliography     153