Manifesting Spirits: An Anthropological Study of Mediumship and the Paranormal
An exploration of contemporary trance and physical mediumship at a private spiritualist home-circle called the Bristol Spirit Lodge.

Located in a garden on the outskirts of Bristol, the Lodge is a wooden shed specially constructed for the purposes of mediumship development and spirit communication. Through a combination of ethnographic observations in séances – including his own experiences of mediumship development – and interviews with spirits and their mediums, Hunter delves into a sub-urban world of trance states, ectoplasm, spirit lights and discarnate entities. Issues relating to altered states of consciousness, personhood, performance and the efficacy of ritual are examined in order to make sense of the processes by which spirits become manifest in social reality.

 

A large part of Manifesting Spirits is given over to a broader discussion of anthropology's evolving attitudes toward the 'paranormal' as a component of the 'life-worlds' of many people across the globe, and argues for the development of a non-reductive anthropological approach to the paranormal, and mediumship in particular. This emerging framework – referred to as 'ontological flooding' does not attempt to explain away the existence of spirits in terms of functional, cognitive or pathological theories (as most mainstream theorists tend to do), but rather embraces a processual perspective that emphasises complexity and multiple interconnected processes underlying spirit possession performances and experiences.

1136702086
Manifesting Spirits: An Anthropological Study of Mediumship and the Paranormal
An exploration of contemporary trance and physical mediumship at a private spiritualist home-circle called the Bristol Spirit Lodge.

Located in a garden on the outskirts of Bristol, the Lodge is a wooden shed specially constructed for the purposes of mediumship development and spirit communication. Through a combination of ethnographic observations in séances – including his own experiences of mediumship development – and interviews with spirits and their mediums, Hunter delves into a sub-urban world of trance states, ectoplasm, spirit lights and discarnate entities. Issues relating to altered states of consciousness, personhood, performance and the efficacy of ritual are examined in order to make sense of the processes by which spirits become manifest in social reality.

 

A large part of Manifesting Spirits is given over to a broader discussion of anthropology's evolving attitudes toward the 'paranormal' as a component of the 'life-worlds' of many people across the globe, and argues for the development of a non-reductive anthropological approach to the paranormal, and mediumship in particular. This emerging framework – referred to as 'ontological flooding' does not attempt to explain away the existence of spirits in terms of functional, cognitive or pathological theories (as most mainstream theorists tend to do), but rather embraces a processual perspective that emphasises complexity and multiple interconnected processes underlying spirit possession performances and experiences.

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Manifesting Spirits: An Anthropological Study of Mediumship and the Paranormal

Manifesting Spirits: An Anthropological Study of Mediumship and the Paranormal

by Jack Hunter
Manifesting Spirits: An Anthropological Study of Mediumship and the Paranormal

Manifesting Spirits: An Anthropological Study of Mediumship and the Paranormal

by Jack Hunter

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Overview

An exploration of contemporary trance and physical mediumship at a private spiritualist home-circle called the Bristol Spirit Lodge.

Located in a garden on the outskirts of Bristol, the Lodge is a wooden shed specially constructed for the purposes of mediumship development and spirit communication. Through a combination of ethnographic observations in séances – including his own experiences of mediumship development – and interviews with spirits and their mediums, Hunter delves into a sub-urban world of trance states, ectoplasm, spirit lights and discarnate entities. Issues relating to altered states of consciousness, personhood, performance and the efficacy of ritual are examined in order to make sense of the processes by which spirits become manifest in social reality.

 

A large part of Manifesting Spirits is given over to a broader discussion of anthropology's evolving attitudes toward the 'paranormal' as a component of the 'life-worlds' of many people across the globe, and argues for the development of a non-reductive anthropological approach to the paranormal, and mediumship in particular. This emerging framework – referred to as 'ontological flooding' does not attempt to explain away the existence of spirits in terms of functional, cognitive or pathological theories (as most mainstream theorists tend to do), but rather embraces a processual perspective that emphasises complexity and multiple interconnected processes underlying spirit possession performances and experiences.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781912807888
Publisher: AEON BOOKS LTD
Publication date: 12/12/2020
Pages: 296
Product dimensions: 9.00(w) x 6.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Dr Jack Hunter is an anthropologist exploring the borderlands of consciousness, religion, ecology and the paranormal. He lives in the hills of mid-Wales with his family and teaches at the University of Chester, the University of Wales Trinity Saint David and at Newtown College. He is an Honorary Research Fellow of the Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre and a Research Fellow of the Parapsychology Foundation.

Table of Contents

Abstract xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Note xvii

Introduction xix

Anomalous experiences in a garden shed xix

Chapter 1 Problems and approaches 1

Ontological frustrations 1

Defining the paranormal 5

Alternative terminologies: a rose by any name is still a rose 7

Investigating mediumship 11

A comparative approach 13

An experience-centred approach 15

Why do people believe in spirits? 16

Not why, but how: process and experience 18

Secretive communities and the danger of perceived authentication 20

Chapter 2 Spirit mediumship in Bristol 23

Religion and Spiritualism in Bristol: contemporary and historical 23

Belmont road spiritualist centre 26

The psychic development circle 29

A brief history of spiritualism: science, spirits, and society 32

The Bristol Spirit Lodge 37

Building the Lodge 41

The group: roles and social structure 42

Circle leader 42

The sitters 43

Religious beliefs of Lodge members 46

The mediums 47

Jon 47

Sandy 49

Emily 50

Rachael 51

The spirits 53

Sandy's spirit team 54

Jon's spirit team 55

Fluid hierarchies and psychic potential 57

Trance and possession 58

Chapter 3 Mediumship and spirit possession: A literature review 61

Spirit mediumship and possession in the cross-cultural context 61

A brief note on terminology: mediumship and possession 62

Spirit mediumship: divisive for secular and Judaeo-Christian traditions 66

Early approaches 67

Functionalist interpretations 68

Pathological approaches 71

Psychodynamic interpretations and hysteria 72

The nutrient deficiency hypothesis 74

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) 75

Cognitive approaches 78

Spirit possession as performance and the embodiment of history 81

Altered states of consciousness 82

Trance 85

The neurophysiology of mediumship 88

Background and early speculation 88

Neurophysiological studies 90

Cautious conclusions 93

Parapsychology and the history of physical mediumship 94

Physical mediumship, psychokinesis, and ectoplasm 95

The decline of physical mediumship 98

The new age of physical mediumship 100

Survival vs. super-psi 103

Summary 106

Chapter 4 Physical mediumship 109

Raps, bangs, and whistles 111

Extended voice phenomena 111

Seance trumpets and other manipulated objects 111

Messages from the spirits 112

Spirit lights 112

Materialisation of spirit forms 113

Dematerialisation 114

The medium's exhaustion 116

Notes from my second séance with Warren 116

Chapter 5 Anthropology and the paranormal 123

The problem of the paranormal 123

Problematic spirits: modernity, ontology, diversity 124

Naturalising the supernatural 127

Supernaturalism, materialism, or a middle way? 128

Anthropology's engagement with the paranormal 131

Pioneers: primitive religion and intellectualism 131

Comparative psychical research 133

1900-1949: ethnography 134

The 1950s and 60s: cross-pollination 138

The 1970s: paranormal anthropology 142

Transpersonalism and the anthropology of consciousness 147

Learning to see what the natives see 150

The ontological turn 153

Paranthropology 157

Ontological flooding 160

Intermediatism 160

E-Prime and the new agnosticism 161

Possibilianism 162

The Western esoteric tradition 162

Summary 164

Chapter 6 Retrunking the séance 167

The séance protocol: between ritual and experiment 167

The structure of séances at the Bristol Spirit Lodge 169

Séance as performance 172

Trickery and efficacy 177

Altered and magical consciousness 179

Dual nature: both/and 181

The medium's body 185

Blending with a spirt being 188

Recognising the bodily expression of spirit in Bristol 189

Dialogue and the reinforcement of spirit personalities 194

Chapter 7 Mediumship and the experiential self 197

Mediumship development as consciousness exploration 198

Spirit mediumship and the experiential self 199

What is the self? Definitions and dimensions 201

Western/non- Western, bounded/porous 206

Mediumship experiences and the experiential self 209

Surrendering to trance 209

My "possessed" hand 211

Porous bodies and field-like selves 214

Multiple intelligences and spiritual augmentation 216

Chapter 8 Conclusions 219

The Bristol Spirit Lodge 220

Séances and spirits 221

Towards a psychoid model of mind-matter interaction 222

The experiential self 224

Key methodological conclusions 225

Closing remarks: towards a non-reductive anthropology of the paranormal 227

References 229

Index 255

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