eBookSeventh Edition (Seventh Edition)
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Overview
The seventh edition expands the tradition of making the student’s experience with motor development an interactive one. Related online learning tools delivered through HKPropel include more than 190 video clips marking motor development milestones to sharpen observation techniques, with interactive questions and 47 lab activities to facilitate critical thinking and hands-on application. The lab activities may be assigned and tracked by instructors through HKPropel, along with chapter quizzes (assessments) that are automatically graded to test comprehension of critical concepts. The text also contains several updates to keep pace with the changing field:
- Content related to physcial growth and development of the skeletal, muscle, and adipose systems is reorganized chronologically for a more logical progression.
- New material on developmental motor learning demonstrates the overlap between the disciplines of motor development and motor learning.
- New insights into motor competence help explain the relationship between skill development and physical fitness.
Life Span Motor Development, Seventh Edition, embraces an interactive and practical approach to illustrate the most recent research in motor development. Students will come away with a firm understanding of the concepts and how they apply to real-world situations.
Note: A code for accessing HKPropel is not included with this ebook but may be purchased separately.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781718210820 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Human Kinetics Publishers |
| Publication date: | 06/01/2021 |
| Sold by: | Barnes & Noble |
| Format: | eBook |
| Pages: | 448 |
| File size: | 125 MB |
| Note: | This product may take a few minutes to download. |
About the Author
Haywood is a fellow of the National Academy of Kinesiology and the Research Consortium of the Society for Health and Physical Education (SHAPE America). She is also a recipient of SHAPE America’s Mabel Lee Award. Haywood has served as president of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity and as chairperson of the Motor Development Academy of SHAPE America.
Haywood is also the coauthor of four editions of Archery: Steps to Success and of Teaching Archery: Steps to Success, published by Human Kinetics. She resides in Saint Charles, Missouri, and in her free time enjoys fitness training, tennis, and dog training.
Nancy Getchell, PhD, is a professor at the University of Delaware in Newark. For nearly 30 years, Getchell has investigated developmental motor control and coordination in children with and without disabilities. Her current research focus is on brain/behavior relationships in children with developmental coordination disorder and other conditions. She teaches courses in motor development, motor control and learning, research methods, and women in sport.
Getchell is currently the president of the International Motor Development Research Consortium as well as a professional member of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, and the International Society of Motor Control. She is a research fellow of SHAPE America and has served as the chairperson of the Motor Development and Learning Academy. Currently, Getchell serves as an associate editor for Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport and on the editorial board of Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy and Frontiers in Psychology.
Getchell obtained her PhD from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1996 in kinesiology with a specialization in motor development. In 2001, Getchell was the recipient of the Lolas E. Halverson Young Investigator Award in motor development.
Getchell resides in Wilmington, Delaware, where she enjoys hiking, geocaching, and bicycling.
Read an Excerpt
Chapter 1: The Developmental Perspective
Learning and performing motor skills is a lifelong challenge. The process begins early in life with the attainment of postural control and grasping skills. continues with the acquisition of locomotor skills and manipulative skills, such as throwing. During childhood, basic skills are refined and combined . to movement sequences to produce complex skills. Adolescents continue acquire movement sequences and improve their abilities to match motor skills to the goal of a task and the environment in which it is performed. Throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence, the physical body is growing and maturing. Perception of the surrounding world becomes keener, and rental capacity increases as mental skills improve. Social skills, too, are acquired as new relationships are formed. With all these changes, the performance of motor skills must be accommodated and modified.Motor skills are usually perfected during late adolescence and young adulthood. Elite athletes exemplify the ultimate in motor skill development. Such ,killed performers have maximized their motor performance based on their physical size and condition and their cognitive and social experiences. Developmental changes are most dramatic early in life, but they do not cease with adulthood-physiological changes continue to occur, and environmental ..experiences refine individuals' perceptions, mental skills, and social relation ships. Perhaps adults attempt to perform skills in new ways, but both new and well-learned skills must continue to accommodate these ongoing, though subtle, changes. This is particularly true as individuals age beyond young adulthood, and the pace of physical, mental, and social changes increases.
The Life Span Perspective
Movement patterns change continually over the life span. This ongoing change poses important questions for educators. For example, what influences the potential for skilled performance? Is it determined by genetics, or can parents and educators provide experiences to promote skill development? Does skilled performance necessarily decline after young adulthood? By studying the developmental process with its many facets and intricacies, we can begin to unravel the answers to questions such as these.
CONCEPT 1.1
Motor performance undergoes many age-related charges during an individual's life span.
Traditional Focus on Children
It is traditional to think of solely as the process of skill acquisition in children-that is, the progression from unskilled performance in very young children to intermediate skill mastery during childhood, to relatively skilled performance during late adolescence. Working from this perspective, a motor developmentalist studies motor behavior by testing children of different ages and monitoring the course of their skill acquisition. The presumption that motor development concerns only children and adolescents has developed because the majority of study in motor development has concentrated on the early years of the life span. But researchers now recognize that the study of development in general and motor development in particular should encompass the entire life span. By studying the processes underlying behavioral change throughout the life span, motor developmentalists seek not only to describe such changes but also to explain them.
In this text, the field of motor development concerns the study of processes underlying behavioral change throughout the life span.
Increasing Interest in Older Adults
A growing segment of the human population consists of older adults. Increasingly, older adults seek to improve the quality of their lives through healthful and enjoyable physical activities, so we can no longer view older adulthood as a period of sedentary living and illness. We recognize that development does not stop at puberty with the cessation of physical growth, or at age 21, or at any other landmark of young adulthood. Changes in motor behavior, both substantive and qualitative, occur during older adulthood, too. Motor patterns vary with age from birth to death (VanSant, 1989). Because the earliest developmental research focused on children's motor behavior, many aspects of motor behavior in older adults are largely unexplored, and specific scientific knowledge of changes in motor skill is sparse. Gaining more complex knowledge and a better understanding of motor behavior in older adults is an important challenge for motor developmentalists.
Significance of the Life Span Perspective
Students-even those who anticipate working only with children or adolescents-can gain a fuller appreciation of motor development by viewing it from a life span perspective. Consider, for example, that children and older adults often display similar motor behavior. Both groups are relatively slower than young adults in their reaction time to a visual stimulus (see Figure 1.1). But are the causes of this difference in behavior the same for children and older adults? No. Children and older adults cognitively process information about the visual stimulus in different ways. We will discuss differential causes of behavior in more detail throughout the text.
Our understanding of behavior is based on the integration of many influences-psychological, sociological, biological, physiological, cognitive, mechanical, and so on. Similarly, our greatest understanding of motor development is based on the integration of many behavior changes within a phase of development. We cannot possibly study all behavioral influences at once. Even though the discussions in this text may focus for a time on a particular aspect of behavioral change, the goal of developmentalists is to explain behavioral change throughout life from a global viewpoint. We encounter a broader range of causes and effects from this viewpoint, which in turn provides the basis for a more complete understanding of the factors involved in behavioral changes. More importantly, perhaps, a life span perspective ,enables students of motor development to better understand motor behavior and to consider ow educators and health professionals might be able to influence individuals' optimal motor development throughout life.
REVIEW 1.1
In discussing motor development in this text, we emphasize a life span perspective that relates to the processes underlying changes in motor behavior throughout life. The study of motor development involves both the description and the explanation of changes in motor behavior. Ultimately, motor developmentalists integrate knowledge of various biological, psychological, sociological, cognitive, and mechanical factors that influence behavior at particular levels of development. This method is quite different from studying changes as a function of time, such as when we study a particular motor behavior in several age groups to identify the differences among those groups or to establish norms or averages for particular ages. Developmentalists go beyond this descriptive level to study the processes underlying change that account for age-group differences.
Because changes in motor behavior occur from infancy through older adulthood, we must consider a broad range of influences on behavioral change. Consequently, we view motor skill development with a knowledge of preceding processes as well as potential effects.
Terminology In Motor Development
Understanding the terms used in the study of the developmental process will facilitate your learning. Every field of study develops its own terminology. Sometimes these terms hinder students' ability to read and comprehend pertinent literature, especially students new to the field. It can be frustrating to discover that a word you use in everyday conversation has a specific, different meaning when used in a scientific context. Yet precise communication among those interested in the topic often requires these specific meanings. Let's examine some common motor development terms.
CONCEPT 1.2
To understand motor development, you must understand the terminology used in the field.
Growth and Development
Two basic concepts discussed in this text focus on the terms growth and development.
Growth
Although growth and development are sometimes used interchangeably, growth means a quantitative increase in size. With physical growth, the increase in size or body mass results from an increase in complete biological units that is, already-formed body parts (Timiras, 1972). This means that growth in height, for example, does not occur by adding a new section to each leg; rather, the legs, as biological units or body parts, grow longer. When each unit or part increases its size as a whole, the body increases its size, keeping its form.
Sometimes growth also is used to refer to an increase in the magnitude of intellectual ability or in social aptitudes (Rogers, 1982). In this text, however, we use the term to refer to physical growth, not social or cognitive growth. The physical growth period (change in absolute size) for humans is typically between conception and ages 19 to 22.
Development
As a complement to growth, development implies a continuous process of change leading to a state of organized and specialized functional capacity-that is, a state wherein an individual can fully carry out an intended role (Timiras, 1972). Development may occur in the form of quantitative change, qualitative change, or both. Motor development, then, is the sequential, continuous age-related process whereby an individual progresses from simple movements to highly organized, complex motor skills, and finally to the adjustment of skills that accompanies aging. This process is not limited to the physical growth period; development continues throughout a person's life.
Motor Development
The term motor, when used with other terms such as development and learning, refers to movement. Hence, motor learning deals with aspects of learning involving body movement and is not necessarily age-related. In discussions of both the development and learning of movement, the term motor behavior is often used. Newcomers to the study of motor development often find it difficult to distinguish between motor development and motor learning. Roberton (1988, p. 130) suggests we apply three questions to make this distinction:
1. What is behavior like now, and why?2. What was behavior like before, and
3. How is behavior going to change in the
Specialists in both motor learning and motor development ask the first question, but only the developmentalist goes on to ask the second and third questions. The motor learning specialist studies motor behavior in the short term, as a function of practice of a certain skill or the instructional strategies used by teachers. The developmentalist is interested in present behavior only as a point on a continuum of change.
Maturation
Another term often used along with growth is maturation or, more specifically, physiological or physical maturation. Physical maturation is a qualitative advancement in biological makeup and may refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition rather than to size alone (Teeple, 1978). Typically, maturation connotes progress toward physical maturity, which is the state of optimal functional integration of an individual's body systems and the ability to reproduce.
Aging
Physiological changes occur throughout life, although these changes take place much more slowly after the physical growth period. The term aging used broadly, applies to the process of growing older regardless of chronological age. More specifically, physical aging refers to continuing molecular, cellular, and organismic differentiation. Aging changes reflect an earlier state of development and foreshadow future changes; hence, physical aging is inseparable from the developmental processes (Timiras, 1972).
Age Periods
Developmentalists describe specific age periods by delineating characteristics of growth and development that set these age periods apart. Researchers define the age periods somewhat differently because rarely are sharp, clear divisions discernible between the periods. Aside from events such as birth and menarche (the first menstrual cycle in girls), the age periods Mend from one to another, reflecting the continuous nature of growth, development, and maturation. In a few cases, common terms apply to more than one chronological age period, as you will see by examining the time frames listed in Table 1.1. Note also that some age periods, such as childhood, are subdivided...
Table of Contents
Part I. Introduction to Motor DevelopmentChapter 1. Fundamental Concepts
Defining Motor Development
Constraints: A Model for Studying Motor Development
How Do We Know It Is Change?
A Developmental Paradox: Universality Versus Variability
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 2. Theoretical Perspectives in Motor Development
Maturational Perspective
Information Processing Perspective
Ecological Perspective
Current Interests
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 3. Principles of Motion and Stability
Understanding the Principles of Motion and Stability
Using the Principles of Motion and Stability to Detect and Correct Errors
Summary and Synthesis
Part II. Development of Motor Skills Across the Life Span
Chapter 4. Early Motor Development
How Do Infants Move?
Why Do Infants Move? The Purpose of Reflexes
Motor Milestones: The Pathway to Voluntary Movements
Development of Postural Control and Balance in Infancy
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 5. Development of Human Locomotion
The First Voluntary Locomotor Efforts: Creeping and Crawling
Walking Across the Life Span
Running Across the Life Span
Other Locomotor Skills
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 6. Development of Ballistic Skills
Overarm Throwing
Kicking
Punting
Sidearm Striking
Overarm Striking
Interventions
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 7. Development of Manipulative Skills
Grasping and Reaching
Catching
Anticipation
Summary and Synthesis
Part III. Physical Growth and Aging
Chapter 8. Physical Growth, Maturation, and Aging
Prenatal Development
Postnatal Development
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 9. Development and Aging of Body Systems
Systems Development During the Prenatal Period
Systems Development During Childhood and Adolescence
Systems Development During Adulthood
Summary and Synthesis
Part IV. Development of Physical Fitness
Chapter 10. Development of Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Physiological Responses to Short-Term Exercise
Physiological Responses to Prolonged Exercise
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 11. Development of Strength and Flexibility
Muscle Mass and Strength
Development of Flexibility
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 12. Weight Status, Fitness, and Motor Competence
A Model of Interrelationships
Body Composition
Obesity
Motor Competence, Activity, Fitness, and Body Composition
Summary and Synthesis
Part V. Perceptual-Motor Development
Chapter 13. Sensory-Perceptual Development
Visual Development
Kinesthetic Development
Auditory Development
Intermodal Perception
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 14. Perception and Action in Development
The Role of Action in Perception
Postural Control and Balance
Summary and Synthesis
Part VI. Functional Constraints in Motor Development
Chapter 15. Social and Cultural Constraints in Motor Development
Social and Cultural Influences as Environmental Constraints
Other Sociocultural Constraints: Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 16. Psychosocial Constraints in Motor Development
Self-Esteem
The Link Between Perceived and Actual Motor Competency
Motivation
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 17. Developmental Motor Learning
Unpacking the Definition of “Motor Learning”
A Brief History of Developmental Motor Learning
Stages of Learning and the Development of Expertise
Practice and Motor Learning
Augmented Feedback and Motor Learning
Other Factors that Impact Motor Learning
Summary and Synthesis
Chapter 18. Conclusion: Interactions Among Constraints
Using Constraints to Enhance Learning in Physical Activity Settings
Interacting Constraints: Case Studies
Summary and Synthesis
Appendix. Skinfold, Body Mass Index, and Head Circumference Charts
Interviews
A textbook for undergraduate courses on motor development. Also a reference for researchers in motor behavior and motor development as well as practitioners in physical and occupational therapy, physical education, and rehabilitation.