Table of Contents
Preface vii
Some Symbols used ix
I The New Ohm's Law 1
1 The Bottom-Up Approach 3
2 Why Electrons Flow 15
2.1 Two Key Concepts 18
2.2 Fermi Function 18
2.3 Non-equilibrium: Two Fermi Functions 21
2.4 Linear Response 22
2.5 Difference in "Agenda" Drives the Flow 24
3 The Elastic Resistor 27
3.1 How an Elastic Resistor Dissipates Heat 30
3.2 Conductance of an Elastic Resistor 32
3.3 Why an Elastic Resistor is Relevant 35
4 Ballistic and Diffusive Transport 39
4.1 Ballistic and Diffusive Transfer Times 42
4.2 Channels for Conduction 45
5 Conductivity 47
5.1 E(p) or E(k) Relations 52
5.2 Counting States 53
5.3 Drude Formula 55
5.4 Is Conductivity proportional to Electron Density? 59
5.5 Quantized Conductance 61
6 Diffusion Equation for Ballistic Transport 65
6.1 Electrochemical Potentials Out of Equilibrium 72
6.2 Currents in Terms of Non-Equilibrium Potentials 76
7 What about Drift? 79
7.1 Boltzmann Transport Equation, BTE 82
7.2 Diffusion Equation from BTE 85
7.3 Equilibrium Fields Do Matter 88
7.4 The Two Potentials 89
8 Electrostatics is Important 93
8.1 The Nanotransistor 94
8.2 Why the Current Saturates 96
8.3 Role of Charging 98
8.4 Rectifier Based on Electrostatics 102
8.5 Extended Channel Model 104
9 Smart Contacts 111
9.1 Why p-n Junctions are Different 112
9.2 Contacts are Fundamental 119
II Old Topics in New Light 123
10 Thermoelectricity 125
10.1 Seebeack Coefficient 129
10.2 Thermoelectric Figures of Merit 131
10.3 Heat Current 133
10.4 "Delta Function" Thermoelectric 138
11 Phonon Transport 145
11.1 Phonon Heat Current 147
11.2 Thermal Conductivity 151
12 Measuring Electrochemical Potentials 155
12.1 The Landauer Formulas 161
12.2 Büttiker Formula 165
13 Hall Effect 173
13.1 Why n- and p- Conductors Are Different 178
13.2 Spatial Profile of Electrochemical Potential 179
13.3 Measuring the Potential 184
13.4 Non - Reciprocal Circuits 188
14 Spin Value 191
14.1 Mode Mismatch and Interface Resistance 194
14.2 Spin Potentials 201
14.3 Spin-Torque 209
14.4 Polarizers and Analyzers 217
15 Kubo Formula 221
15.1 Kubo Formula for an Elastic Resistor 224
15.2 Onsager Relations 227
16 Second Law 229
16.1 Asymmetry of Absorption and Emission 233
16.2 Entropy 235
16.3 Law of Equilibrium 240
16.4 Fock Space States 242
16.5 Alternative Expression for Entropy 246
17 Fuel Value of Information 251
17.1 Information-Driven Battery 255
17.2 Fuel Value Comes From Knowledge 258
17.3 Landauer's Principle 260
17.4 Maxwell's Demon 261
III Contact-ing Schrödinger 265
18 The Model 267
18.1 Schrödinger Equation 270
18.2 Electron-Electron Interactions 275
18.3 Differential to Matrix Equation 278
18.4 Choosing Matrix Parameters 281
19 Non-Equilibrium Green's Functions (NEGF) 293
19.1 One-level Resistor 299
19.2 Multi-level Resistors 308
19.3 Conductance Functions for Coherent Transport 314
19.4 Elastic Dephasing 315
20 Can Two Offer Less Resistance than One? 321
20.1 Modeling 1D Conductors 322
20.2 Quantum Resistors in Series 326
20.3 Potential Drop Across Scatterer(s) 331
21 Quantum of Conductance 337
21.1 2D Conductor as 1D Conductors in Parallel 337
21.2 Contact self-energy for 2D Conductors 343
21.3 Quantum Hall Effect 349
22 Rotating an Electron 355
22.1 One-level Spin Valve 359
22.2 Rotating Magnetic Contacts 363
22.3 Spin Hamiltonians 366
22.4 Vectors and Spinors 369
22.5 Spin Precession 374
22.6 From NEGF to Diffusion 380
23 Does NEGF Include "Everything"? 389
23.1 Coulomb Blockade 392
23.2 Fock Space Description 397
23.3 Entangled States 402
24 The Quantum and the Classical 409
24.1 Spin coherence 410
24.2 Pseudo-spins 412
24.3 Quantum Entropy 415
24.4 Does Interaction Increase the Entropy? 417
24.5 Spins and magnets 419
References / Further Reading 423
Appendices 433
A Fermi and Bose Function Derivatives 433
B Angular Averaging 435
C Hamiltonian with E- and B-Fields 437
D Transmission Line Parameters from BTE Equations 439
E NEGF Equations 443
F MATLAB Codes for Text Figures 449