Table of Contents
1. Recognizing AnythingThe "colorful" world of radiology
A systematic approach — the "truth" about systems
Terminology
Conventions used in this book
2. Recognizing a Technically Adequate Chest Radiograph
Penetration
Inspiration
Rotation
Magnification
Angulation
The lateral chest
3. Recognizing Cardiomegaly
The cardiothoracic ratio
Extracardiac causes of apparent cardiac enlargement
Effect of projection and inspiration on perception of heart size
Recognizing cardiomegaly in infants
4. Recognizing Airspace versus Interstitial Lung Disease
Normal lung markings
Characteristics of airspace disease
Some causes of airspace disease
Characteristics of interstitial lung disease
Some causes of interstitial lung disease
5. Recognizing the Causes of an Opacified Hemithorax
Atelectasis of the entire lung
Massive pleural effusion
Pneumonia of an entire lung
Post-pneumonectomy
6. Recognizing Atelectasis
What is atelectasis?
Signs of atelectasis
Types of atelectasis
Patterns of collapse in lobar atelectasis
How atelectasis resolves
7. Recognizing a Pleural Effusion
Normal anatomy and physiology of the pleural space
Causes of pleural effusions
Types of pleural effusions
Recognizing the different appearances of pleural effusions
Side-specificity of pleural effusions
8. Recognizing Pneumonia
General considerations
Recognizing pneumonia — general characteristics
Patterns of pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Localizing pneumonia
How pneumonia resolves
9. Recognizing Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pneumopericardium, and Subcutaneous Emphysema
Normal anatomy
Recognizing a pneumothorax
Recognizing the pitfalls in overdiagnosing a pneumothorax
Types of pneumothoraces
Causes of a pneumothorax
Other ways to diagnose a pneumothorax
Pulmonary interstitial edema (PIE)
Recognizing pneumomediastinum
Recognizing pneumopericardium
Recognizing subcutaneous emphysema
10. The ABCs of Heart Disease: Recognizing Adult Heart Disease from the Frontal Chest Radiograph
Heart size
Cardiac contours — ascending aorta
Cardiac contours — "double density" of left atrial enlargement
Cardiac contours — right atrium
Cardiac contours — aortic knob
Cardiac contours — main pulmonary artery
Cardiac contours—concavity for left atrium
Cardiac contours — left ventricle
Cardiac contours — descending aorta
The pulmonary vasculature — normal
The pulmonary vasculature—pulmonary venous hypertension
The pulmonary vasculature — pulmonary arterial hypertenison
The pulmonary vasculature — increased flow to the lungs
The pulmonary vasculature — decreased flow to the lungs
The ABCs of heart disease system
A — is the left atrium enlarged?
B — is the main pulmonary artery big or bulbous?
C — is the main pulmonary artery segment concave?
D — is the heart a dilated or delta-shaped heart
Other facts
11. Recognizing Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema
Congestive heart failure — general considerations
Pulmonary interstitial edema
Pulmonary alveolar edema
Non-cardiogenic alveolar edema — general considerations
Differentiating cardiac from non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
12. Recognizing the Correct Placement of Lines and Tubes and Their Potential Complications: Critical Care Radiology
Endotracheal tubes and tracheostomies
Intravascular catheters
Pleural drainage tubes (chest tubes, thoracotomy tubes)
Cardiac devices — pacemakers, AICD, IABP
GI tubes and lines — nasogastric tubes, feeding tubes
13. Recognizing Mediastinal and Lung Masses and Metastases
Mediastinal masses
Anterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinal masses
Aortic aneurysms
Posterior mediastinal masses
Solitary nodule/mass in the lung
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Metastatic neoplasms in the lung
14. Recognizing the Basics on CT of the Chest
Introduction
Normal chest CT anatomy
Five-vessel level
Aortic arch level
Aorto-pulmonary window level
Main pulmonary artery level
High cardiac level
Low cardiac level
The fissures
Selected abnormalities visible on chest CT scans
Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Blebs and bulae, cysts and cavities
Bronchiectasis
Chest trauma
Pericardial effusion
Cardiac CT
15. Recognizing the Normal Abdomen: Conventional Radiographs
Recognizing the normal abdomen — what to look for
Recognizing the normal abdomen — normal bowel gas pattern
Recognizing the normal abdomen — normal fluid levels
Differentiating large from small bowel
Acute abdominal series — the views and what they show
Recognizing the normal abdomen — extraluminal air
Recognizing the normal abdomen — calcifications
Recognizing the normal abdomen — organomegaly
16. Recognizing Bowel Obstruction and Ileus
Abnormal gas patterns
Laws of the gut
Functional ileus — localized — sentinal loops
Functional ileus — generalized adynamic ileus
Mechanical obstruction — small bowel obstruction (SBO)
Mechanical obstruction — large bowel obstruction (LBO)
Intestinal psuedo-obstruction (Ogilvie’s syndrome)
17. Recognizing Extraluminal Gas in the Abdomen
Signs of free intraperitoneal air
Air beneath the diaphragm
Visualization of both sides of the bowel wall
Visualization of the falciform ligament
Causes of free air
Signs of extraperitoneal air (retroperitoneal air)
Causes of extraperitoneal air
Signs of air in the bowel wall
Causes and significance of air in the bowel wall
Signs of air in the biliary system
Causes of air in the biliary system
18. Recognizing Abnormal Calcifications and Their Causes
Patterns of calcification
Rimlike calcification
Linear or track-like calcification
Lamellar or laminar calcification
Cloudlike, amorphous, or "popcorn" calcification
Location of calcification
19. Recognizing Tumors, Tics, and Ulcers: Radiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Recognizing abnormalities of the GI tract from top to bottom
Esophagus
Hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
Stomach and duodenum
Small bowel
Large bowel
Terminology
Common principles for all gastrointestinal barium studies
20. Recognizing the Basics on CT of the Abdomen
General considerations
Liver
Biliary system
Spleen
Kidneys
Pancreas
Small and large bowel
Female pelvis
Urinary bladder
Abdominal aortic aneurysms
Adenopathy
21. Recognizing Abnormalities of Bone Density
Normal bone anatomy
The effect of bone physiology on bone anatomy
Recognizing a generalized increase in bone density
Recognizing a focal increase in bone density
Recognizing a generalized decrease in bone density
Recognizing a focal decrease in bone density
Pathologic fractures
22. Recognizing Fractures and Dislocations
Recognizing an acute fracture
Recognizing dislocations and subluxations
Describing fractures
Avulsion fractures
Salter-Harris fractures — epiphyseal plate fractures in children
Stress fractures
Common fracture eponyms
Some easily missed fractures or dislocations
Fracture healing
23. Recognizing Joint Disease: An Approach to Arthritis
Classification of arthritis
Anatomy of a joint
Hypertrophic arthritis
Infectious arthritis
Erosive arthritis
24. Recognizing Some Common Causes of Neck and Back Pain
Conventional radiography, CT, and MRI
The normal spine
Back pain
Herniated discs
Degenerative disc disease (DDD)
Osteoarthritis of the facet joints
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
Compression fractures of the spine
Spondylolesthesis and spondylolysis
Spinal stenosis
Spinal trauma
Malignancy involving the spine
25. Recognizing Abnormal Head CT Findings
Normal anatomy and general considerations
Head trauma
Increased intracranial pressure
Stroke
Ruptured aneurysms
Hydrocephalus
Brain tumors
Other diseases
Terminology
