Lawyers, Swamps, and Money: U.S. Wetland Law, Policy, and Politics available in Paperback, eBook
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Lawyers, Swamps, and Money: U.S. Wetland Law, Policy, and Politics
- ISBN-10:
- 1597268151
- ISBN-13:
- 9781597268158
- Pub. Date:
- 04/15/2011
- Publisher:
- Island Press
- ISBN-10:
- 1597268151
- ISBN-13:
- 9781597268158
- Pub. Date:
- 04/15/2011
- Publisher:
- Island Press
![Lawyers, Swamps, and Money: U.S. Wetland Law, Policy, and Politics](http://img.images-bn.com/static/redesign/srcs/images/grey-box.png?v11.10.4)
Lawyers, Swamps, and Money: U.S. Wetland Law, Policy, and Politics
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Overview
Readers will first learn the basics of administrative law: how agencies receive and exercise their authority, how they actually make laws, and how stakeholders can influence their behavior through the Executive Branch, Congress, the courts, and the media. These core concepts provide a base of knowledge for successive discussions of:
- the geographic scope and activities covered by the Clean Water Act
- the curious relationship between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency
- the goal of no net loss of wetlands
- the role of entrepreneurial wetland mitigation banking
- the tension between wetland mitigation bankers and in-lieu fee mitigation programs
- wetland regulation and private property rights.
The book concludes with insightful policy recommendations to make wetlands law less ambiguous and more effective.
A prominent legal scholar and wetlands expert, professor Royal C. Gardner has a rare knack for describing landmark cases and key statutes with uncommon clarity and even humor. Students of environmental law and policy and natural resource professionals will gain the thorough understanding of administrative law needed to navigate wetlands policy-and they may even enjoy it.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781597268158 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Island Press |
Publication date: | 04/15/2011 |
Edition description: | 1 |
Pages: | 280 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.70(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 The Ebb and Flow of Public Perceptions of Wetlands 5
Chapter 2 Administrative Law: The Short Course 15
What are agencies and who made them the boss? 17
What exactly does an agency do? 22
How are regulations made? 23
What's the difference between a regulation and mere guidance? 25
Navigating from statute to regulation to guidance 25
I'm mad as hell and not going to take it anymore: How to challenge agency actions 28
Executive Branch 28
Legislative Branch 29
The Media 29
Judicial Branch 30
Constitutional Considerations 30
Statutory Standing 32
Ripeness 33
Chevron Deference 33
Chapter 3 What's a Wetland (for purposes of Clean Water Act jurisdiction)? 35
The initial interpretation of "waters of the United States": We've always done it this way 37
United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes: Unanimity on adjacent wedands 39
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A split decision on "isolated" waters 44
Rapanos v. United States: A trifurcation of confusion 48
post-Rapanos response 52
The constitutional limits of the Clean Water Act 54
Chapter 4 Dredge and Fill: The Importance of Precise Definitions 57
A lesson for young lawyers: Read the statute 57
Does landclearing require a Clean Water Act permit? 58
Does dredging (and sidecasting) require a Clean Water Act permit? 59
Neatness counts: Exploiting a loophole 61
The inevitable blowback: The regulated community responds 62
Deep plowing or deep ripping? The Borden Ranch case 64
Fill, baby, fill 65
Mountaintop removal and nationwide permit 21 67
Strange things done in the midnight sun: Gold mining waste as fill 69
Chapter 5 Strange Bedfellows: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 73
The misnamed 404(b)(1) Guidelines: More than mere guidance 75
The heart of the Guidelines: The alternatives analysis 76
Fund for Animals v. Rice: The alternatives analysis in practice 78
Defining the project purpose of a golf course: Jack Nicklaus takes a mulligan 79
Mississippi casinos: Is gambling a water-dependent activity? 81
Sweedens Swamp and the market-entry theory: "It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is." 84
The mitigation MOA: Resolving the buy-down and sequencing dispute 86
The old Corps returns: The EPA vetoes the Yazoo River Project 89
Chapter 6 No Net Loss: Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics 93
The starting point: A nation of farmers 94
If you build it, they will come 95
The other illegal alien problem: Invasive species 97
Agricultural sticks and carrots: Swampbuster and the Wetlands Reserve Program 100
Offsetting development impacts: Compensatory mitigation 101
The Cajun solution: Eat a nutria, save a wedand 102
Net gains on agricultural lands 104
Paper gains, real losses: The failure of permittee-responsible compensatory mitigation 105
No net loss: Mission accomplished? 109
Chapter 7 Wetland Mitigation Banking: Banking on Entrepreneurs 111
What is wetland mitigation banking? 112
The legal status of mitigation banking (the early years) 114
Pembroke Pines: The first sale of credits from an entrepreneurial mitigation bank 115
The 1995 mitigation banking guidance 117
Congress provides a market (and ratifies the guidance) 119
How much can I sell a wetland credit for? 120
The good, the bad, and the ugly 123
Panther Island Mitigation Bank (Florida) 123
Mud Slough (Oregon) 124
Black River Basin Mitigation Bank (South Carolina) 124
Woodbury Creek (New Jersey) 125
They're only in it for the money (and other criticisms of mitigation banking) 126
Chapter 8 In-lieu Fee Mitigation: Money for Nothing? 129
What is in-lieu fee mitigation? 129
The legal status of in-lieu fee mitigation (the early years) 132
"Educational" mitigation 133
Conflict of interest: Agency as regulator and competitor? 134
Timing in life is everything 135
But they're the good guys! 136
The 2000 in-lieu fee guidance 137
Tracking in-lieu fee performance (or the lack thereof) 138
Chapter 9 Leveling the Mitigation Playing Field 141
An initial attempt at standards for permittee-responsible mitigation: The Halloween guidance 141
You could have at least called ... 142
Lack of public input: Perhaps ill-advised, but legal 143
Out of chaos comes order: The National Mitigation Action Plan 144
Congress (re-)enters the fray 145
Proposed compensatory mitigation rule 146
O'Harc Airport and the return of CorLands 147
Reconsidering in-lieu fee mitigation 149
Finally, the final rule emerges 151
Sequencing and avoidance 151
Equivalency in mitigation plans 152
Nonequivalency in the timing of the use of mitigation credits 153
The mitigation hierarchy 155
But is the compensatory mitigation regulation good for the environment? 156
Chapter 10 Wetland Enforcement: The Ultimate Discretionary Act 159
Who is the lead enforcement agency? 159
Every day is a new day: The continuing violation theory 161
Hobson's choice: No pre-enforcement review of administrative orders 163
After-the-fact permits: All is forgiven 164
Administrative penalties: Adjudication by the agencies 165
Civil penalties: Potentially real money, rarely invoked 166
Settlements, supplemental environmental programs, and other payments 168
Criminal penalties: Muddy jackboots? 169
The least sympathetic defendants 171
Citizen suits: Backing up the government 172
Enforcement of permit conditions: A gap in citizen suits 172
Enforcement of third-party mitigation providers: Does responsible mean liable? 173
Chapter 11 Regulatory Takings in the Wetland Context 177
Preliminary hurdles: Ripeness 178
Choosing a forum: U.S. District Court or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims 180
The Penn Central factors 181
Applying the Penn Central factors: The Florida Rock saga 181
Of rats, rabbits, and reasonable investment-backed expectations 183
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council: No need to balance factors 184
The irrelevance of Lucas 186
Reasonable investment-backed expectations revisited 187
The most sympathetic takings plaintiffs 188
How should the Corps weigh the risks of a takings case? 189
Chapter 12 Concluding Thoughts and Recommendations 191
Epilogue: Where Are They Now? 199
Appendix 209
Clean Water Act (excerpts) 209
Epa Regulations 40 CFR Part 230 (excerpts) 211
Corps Regulations 33 CFR Parts 320-332 (excerpts) 214
Clean Water Act Guidance Document (excerpts) 220
Endnotes 223
Selected References and Further Reading 229
Index 245