Law Enforcement in the 21st Century / Edition 2 available in Hardcover
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Law Enforcement in the 21st Century / Edition 2
- ISBN-10:
- 0205542972
- ISBN-13:
- 9780205542970
- Pub. Date:
- 11/09/2007
- Publisher:
- Prentice Hall
- ISBN-10:
- 0205542972
- ISBN-13:
- 9780205542970
- Pub. Date:
- 11/09/2007
- Publisher:
- Prentice Hall
![Law Enforcement in the 21st Century / Edition 2](http://img.images-bn.com/static/redesign/srcs/images/grey-box.png?v11.11.4)
Law Enforcement in the 21st Century / Edition 2
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Overview
Law Enforcement in the 21st Century is the first book to examine the “linkage blindness” in the criminal justice system (the lack of connection between theories of policing and what actually happens in police departments), making linkages between theory and police practice through problem-solving and crime mapping applications.
It offers a fresh, new approach to presenting introductory law enforcement material that is both practical for the future law enforcement officer and intellectually rewarding for readers who may be entering a whole new field of study. The authors have organized the material in a developmental framework beginning with a discussion of law enforcement's place within the criminal justice system and a discussion of the origins of policing; the reader is then introduced to the traditional model of policing and the core aspects of the work—organizational structure and units, field operations, and investigations. The authors provide information important to law enforcement in the 21st century, including topics such as terrorism and the latest technology.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780205542970 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Prentice Hall |
Publication date: | 11/09/2007 |
Edition description: | Older Edition |
Pages: | 464 |
Product dimensions: | 8.72(w) x 11.19(h) x 0.86(d) |
Table of Contents
Chapter OneLaw Enforcement in a Democratic Society
Chapter outline
Introduction
Themes of the Book
The Police Function: Social Control and the Use of Force
Policing within the Rule of Law: The Challenges of Discretion
The Delicate Balance: Crime Control v. Due Process
The Levels of Law Enforcement
Municipal Agencies
County Agencies
State Agencies
Federal agencies
Department of Justice
US Marshal Service
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Drug Enforcement Administration
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Customs and Border Patrol
Transportation Security Administration
U.S. Secret Service
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
US Postal Service
Tribal Agencies
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: An Introduction to the Linkage Blindness Phenomenon
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT Coordination and Information Sharing Between Law Enforcement and the Rest of the Criminal Justice System
From Suspect to Charge: The Role of the Police
Determining Guilt: The Role of the Court
Administering Punishment and Reforming the Offender: The Role of Corrections
Chapter Summary
Chapter 2 Origins and Development of Law Enforcement
Chapter outline
Introduction
Early Origins of Social Control
Development of Formal Policing in England
From Tithings to Posse Comitatus
The Formal System of Policing
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: Posse Comitatus Today
Development of Formal Policing in the United States
Early watch systems
Slave Patrols and the Jim Crow laws
The Eras of American Policing
The Political Era (1840-1930)
The Pendleton Act of 1883
Wickersham Commission
Women and Minorities in Early Policing
Origins of the Reform Era
Faces of Reform: Early Leaders in Law Enforcement Reform
August Vollmer
O.W. Wilson: The Protégé
J. Edgar Hoover: The F.B.I.
Chapter Summary
Chapter Three
Traditional Policing and Police Professionalization
INTRODUCTION: The Baby and the Bath Water
The Rise of the Professional Model of Policing
Policing as a Profession
Advanced Study
Code of Ethics
Prestige
Standards of Admission
A Professional Association
A service ideal
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: What Would a “Professional” Law Enforcement Agency Look Like?
Crime Control as a Focal Concern: Implication for Resource Deployment
Counting Crime: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Response Rate
Structure of the UCR
Calculating Crime Indices
Limitations of the UCR
The Dark Figure of Crime
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: Incident Based Reporting and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing
Rising Crime Rates
Traditional Strategies
Police-Community Relations
Back to Basics — Origins of the Community Era
Chapter Summary
Chapter Four
Law Enforcement and the Law Chapter outline
Introduction
Order of Authority
Constitutional Law
First Amendment
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Peaceable Assembly
Freedom of Petition
Freedom of Speech
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: Freedom of Speech, Assembly, Religion, and the War on Terror
Freedom of the Press
Second Amendment
Fourth Amendment
Fifth Amendment
Double Jeopardy
Self-incrimination
Sixth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Bail
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Tenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
Criminal Law
Classification of Criminal Laws
Felonies
Misdemeanors
Violations
The Components of Crime
Civil Law
Mechanisms for Civil Liability and Law Enforcement
Civil Liability and Law Enforcement: Intentional versus Negligent Wrongs
Damages Awarded for Torts and Individual Officer Responsibility
Chapter Summary
Chapter Five
Search and Seizure, Arrest and Interrogation
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Search and Seizure
Stop and frisk
Exclusionary rule
Search of persons and premises
Search of motor vehicles
Pretextual stops
Systemic stops and searches
Search of public places
Arrest
Search incident to arrest
The arrest warrant
Interrogation
Miranda v. Arizona
When Miranda warnings must be read
Terrorism and the U.S. Constitution
The USA Patriot Act of 2001
The Posse Comitatus Act
Privacy and the Internet
Cyber offenses
Child pornography investigations
Legal implications of cyber crime
Chapter Six Policing Functions and Units
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Goals of Policing — Order Maintenance vs. Law Enforcement
Translating Goals into Mission Statements and Policy
Organizational Structure and Accountability
Hierarchical Structures — Centralized Policing
Flat Organizations — Decentralized Policing
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: Implications of Cross-Agency Cooperation for Organizational Structure
Divisions and Units
Administrative Services
Personnel Division
Records
Research and Planning
Public Information
Internal Affairs — Office of Professional Standards
Special Units and Divisions
Undercover/Intelligence
The Fine Line between Entrapment and Encouragement
Unique Stressors and Dangers
Special Weapons and Tactics (S.W.A.T.) Units
The Origins of Police S.W.A.T. Teams
New Trends and Controversies
Juvenile Units
Canine (K9) Units
Chapter Summary
Chapter Seven
Patrol and Traffic
Introduction
The Realities of Patrol
Patrol officer use of time
Productivity measures
The Patrol Function
Types of Patrol
Random or Routine Patrol
Directed Patrol
Freeing Up Resources for Directed Patrol — Differential Response
Aggressive Patrol
Saturation Patrol
The Effectiveness of Patrol
The Kansas City Patrol Experiment
Methods of Patrol
Automobile
Foot
Bicycle
Motorcycle
Horse
Water and Helicopter Patrols
Patrol Deployment
Rotating vs. assigned shifts
Time of day and Shift Hours
Fatigue is a problem in shift work
Allocating personnel
Foot patrol vs. Automobile patrol assignments
Balancing the patrol and reactive models — integrated patrol
Traffic Goals and Enforcement
Dangers of traffic stops
LINKAGES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: Role of Patrol in Detecting Terrorist Activities
Automated traffic enforcement
Community Policing and Patrol Deployment
Deployment and Shift Assignments
Balancing the proactive and reactive models — integrated patrol
Chapter Summary
Chapter Eight
Investigation and Evidence Collection
Introduction
The Development of the Investigative Function
The Realities of Investigation
Clearance rates
Solvability factors
Discovery vs. involvement crimes
Preliminary Investigation
Patrol as first officer on the scene
The Follow-up Investigation
The Locard Exchange Principle
Primary crime scenes
Secondary crime scenes
Physical Evidence
Bodily fluids
Latent fingerprints
Ballistics
Behavioral Evidence: Signature vs. MO
Criminal profiling: induction vs. deduction
Modus operandi
Signature
Behavioral evidence — organized vs disorganized crime scenes
Technology and Investigation: reducing linkage blindness
CAD systems
AFIS
NDIS
VICAP
Investigating Terror: models of counterterrorism
Challenges of Police-Prosecutor Collaboration
Chapter Summary
Chapter Nine
Policing Discretion and Behavior
Introduction
The Role of Discretion in Policing
Defining Police Discretion
Factors Affecting the Exercise of Officer Discretion
Offense Seriousness
Attitude of the Suspect
Characteristics, Position, and Preference of the Victim
Relationship between the Suspect and the Victim
Evidence of the Offence
The Race and Gender of the Parties to the Offence
The Importance of Police Behavior
Psychological Explanations: Pre-disposition and Police Behavior — Police Personality or Culture
Educational Explanations: Police Recruits and the effects of Police Training
Sociological Explanations: Skolnick’s “Working Personality”
Organizational Explanations: Wilson’s Three Styles of Policing
The Watchman Style
The Legalistic Style
The Service Style
Reconciling the Theories
Police Stress
Sources of Police Stress
Internal and External Organizational Stressors
Work-Related Stressors
LINKAGES AND LAW EMFORCEMENT: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Response to Stress — Law Enforcement and Other Emergency Workers
Police Suicide
The Causes of Police Suicide
Combating the Problem
Chapter Summary
Chapter Ten
Policing Multicultural Communities
Introduction
Key Problems and Sources of Tension
Police Racism and Racial Profiling
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: TERRORISM, RACIAL PROFILING< AND THE ARAB COMMUNITY
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: POLICING IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES
Aggressive Patrol Tactics and Minority Communities
Policing Diversity: Cultural and Linguistic Barriers to Communication
Policing the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Community
Policing the Mentally Ill
Policing the Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgendered Community (GLBT)
Under-Reporting of Crime
Under-Representation of Racial Minorities in the Police
Finding Solutions: Cultural Diversity and Policing
Cultural Diversity Training and Education
Improving the Representation of Minorities in the Police
Conclusion
Chapter Summary
Chapter Eleven
Policing the Police
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Use of force
The force continuum
Excessive force
Excessive force v. brutality: The case of Abner Louima
Objective reasonableness: Graham v. Connor
Deadly force
The fleeing felon rule
Tennessee v. Garner
High speed pursuits as deadly force
Corruption
Grass eaters vs. meat eaters
Socialization process
Investigative Commissions: From Wickersham to Christopher
The Wickersham Commission (1931)
The Kerner Commission (1965)
The Knapp Commission (1972)
The Mollen Commission (1994)
The Christopher Commission (1992)
Recommendations from the Commissions
Models of Civilian Oversight
History of civilian oversight
Walker’s Typologies
Probelms with the complaint process: Is there a “best practice”?
Chapter Summary
Chapter Twelve
New Community Policing and Problem Solving
Introduction
What is Community?
Theoretical Underpinnings of Community Policing
Broken Windows Theory
Skogan’s Disorder and Decline
Public Health Model
Community Partnership and Problem solving
Networking: Coordination — Collaboration
Community-oriented vs. Problem-oriented Policing — why differentiate?
The SARA Model
The crime triangle
From prevalence to target area to hot spots
Management Implications of Community Policing
Philosophical dimension
Strategic dimension
Programmatic dimension
Barriers to Implementing Community Policing
The realities of community mobilization
Facing organizational resistance
LINKAGES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: The Relationship Between Causes of Crime and Strategy
Situational Crime Prevention
Chapter Summary
Chapter Thirteen
Advances in Policing - New Technologies for Crime Analysis
Chapter Outline
Introduction
The Stages of Technological Advancement in Policing
The First Stage (1881-1945)
The Second Stage (1946-1959)
The Third Stage (1960-1979)
The Fourth Stage (1980 — present)
Crime Analysis
Strategic Crime Analysis
Tactical Crime Analysis
Geo-mapping Crime Patterns: Moving Beyond Push Pins
What Crime Maps Do: GIS as a Technical Aid to POP
LINKAGES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: GIS Applications to sex offender management
Types of Data with Mapping Applications
Mapping and Accountability: GIS in Action
The NYPD CompStat Model
GIS and the Patrol Officer
LINKAGES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: GIS Applications to Community Policing
Other Applications: Geographic Profiling
Twenty-first Century Technologies in Policing
Surveillance Technologies
Closed-Circuit Television
Global Positioning Systems
Biometrics
Facial Recognition Software
Fingerprint Identification Systems
Interjurisdictional Communication Technology
Offender Databases
Cross-Jurisdictional Radio Communications
Electronic Warrant Processes
Information Security Through Encryption
The World Wide Web and Community Policing
Improving Accountability: Mobile Communications with Patrol
Mobile Digital Communications
Automatic Vehicle Monitoring
Chapter Summary
Chapter Fourteen New Standards for Police Recruitment
Recruitment
Bonafide Job Requirements
Education
Technology
Legal knowledge
Residency
Diversity
Selection
Background checks
The written test
The interview process
Psychological tests
Physical agility
Research finding on the job performance of female officers
Affirmative Action
Effectiveness of affirmative action
Legal Issues
Barriers for women and minorities in the department
Training
Variations in academy training across the country
What should be taught: A comparative analysis
Length of academy
Integration of the new officer onto the force
Developing community interaction skills
Preventing the “Us versus Them” socialization process
Standards for Promotion
Chapter Summary