Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
A Note from the Authors xiii
Preface
PART I: LEGAL, PROFESSIONAL, ETHICAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
1. Introduction
A. A Brief Overview
B. The Authors’ Aspirations
2. Historical Perspectives from the New World
A. Communication and the Military
B. The Americas: Language Follows the Flag
3. Language and the Legal Systems
A. Federal Court Interpreters Act
B. Justice for the Limited-in-English Proficiency (LEP)
C. English-Only Statutes, Challenges, and the LEP
D. The “LEP” Controversy
4. Need for Adequate Interpretation and Translation
A. Are Interpreters Interlopers?
B. Language Mistakes
C. Ad Hoc or Stand-In Interpreters
D. Interpreters Bridge the Gaps
E. Consequences of a Lack of Interpreters
5. Professional Standards
A. Ethical Conduct
B. Expectations of Professionals
C. NAJIT’s and SDNY’s Codes
D. The Interpreter’s Role in Unfair Situations
E. Ethics, Meta-Ethics, and Postville
F. The Judicial System and Science
6. Professional Qualifications
A. Interpreting Day by Day
B. Journal of an Itinerant Interpreter
C. Neutrality and Decorum vis-à-vis Misfortunes
D. Physical and Emotional Conditioning
E. Professional Qualifications Defined
F. Minimal and Desirable Characteristics
G. Defending Professional Standards
7. Training, Testing, and Certification
A. Colleges/Universities: U.S., Canada, and Other Areas
B. California
C. Arizona and South Carolina
D. Medical Interpreting in English-Only States
E. Florida
F. Sign Language: D.C. and Arkansas
G. Tests and Testing
H. Certification
I. Self-Directed Competency
J. Additional Research Resources
K. A Debate: Ortega and the Necessity and Sufficiency of Training
8. Economics, Jobs, Salaries
A. Skills vs. Economic Worth
B. Government Agencies
C. Federal and State Courts
D. Private Sector Opportunities
E. Journals with Jobs
F. Networking at Conferences at Home and Abroad
G. Private Employment Agencies
H. Salary Surveys and ATA’s Role
PART II: INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION IN CULTURAL, LEGAL, AND LINGUISTIC CONTEXTS
9. Comparing Interpretation and Translation
A. Formal Definitions
B. Operational Definitions
C. Philosophical Definitions
D. Guide to Classified Definitions
E. Desirable Characteristics in Interpreters
F. Traits of Successful Translators
G. Machine Translators vs. Human Translators
H. Translators and Interpreters in/of Literary Texts
10. Decoding and Encoding Multidimensional Language
A. Interpretation as Communication
B. Triangular and Multidimensional Interpretation
C. The Speech-Chain Bridge and Diagram
D. Memory in Storing and Decoding “Units of Meaning”
11. Modes of Interpretation and Translation
A. Overview of the Modes
B. The Summary Interpretation Mode (SummI)
C. Consecutive Interpreting (CI)
D. Simultaneous Interpreting (SI)
E. Whispered SI, or Chuchotage, in Diplomacy
F. Interpreters as Scapegoats
G. Conference Interpreting (ConfI)
H. Sight Translation (ST)
I. Guidelines for Improving Performance
12. Verbal and Nonverbal Equivalencies in the Courtroom
A. Searching for Verbal Equivalency
B. Strategies for Finding Equivalencies
C. Equivalencies via Grammar or Linguistics
D. Nonverbal Equivalencies or Gestures
13. Settings and Procedures in Legal and Social Venues
A. Existential Aspects of Interpretation
B. Factors that Affect the Settings
C. Classification of the Settings
14. Playacting and Power Relationships in the Courtroom
A. Interpreters as Actors
B. Roles of the Other Players
C. Varieties of Power
D. Power Misplaced
E. The Power of Excellence and Modesty
15. Implications of Bilingualism
A. Defining Bilinguals and Bilingualism
B. Bilingual Interpreters and Translators
C. Code-Switching Patterns of Bilinguals
D. LEPs and Other Second-Language Learners
E. The Brain and Second-Language Learning
F. The Bilingual Education Act
G. Political, Cultural, and Security Aspects
16. Cultures and Languages in Play
A. Cultural Possibilities
B. Culture and Interpretation
C. Words Transmit and Distort Culture
D. Alternative Cultural Perspectives
Chapter Notes
Author and Works Cited
Suggested Readings
Index
