Journey to Freedom: Richard Oakes, Alcatraz, and the Red Power Movement

by Kent Blansett

Overview

The first book-length biography of Richard Oakes, a Red Power activist of the 1960s who was a leader in the Alcatraz takeover and the Red Power Indigenous rights movement

A revealing portrait of Richard Oakes, the brilliant, charismatic Native American leader who was instrumental in the takeovers of Alcatraz, Fort Lawton, and Pit River and whose assassination in 1972 galvanized the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington, DC. The life of this pivotal Akwesasne Mohawk activist is explored in an important new biography based on extensive archival research and key interviews with activists and family members.

Historian Kent Blansett offers a transformative and new perspective on the Red Power movement of the turbulent 1960s and the dynamic figure who helped to organize and champion it, telling the full story of Oakes’s life, his fight for Native American self-determination, and his tragic, untimely death. This invaluable history chronicles the mid-twentieth century rise of Intertribalism, Indian Cities, and a national political awakening that continues to shape Indigenous politics and activism to this day.

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Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780300240412
Publisher:	Yale University Press
Publication date:	09/25/2018
Series:	Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	384
File size:	22 MB
Note:	This product may take a few minutes to download.

About the Author

Kent Blansett, a Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Shawnee and Potawatomi descendant, is assistant professor of history and Native American studies at the University of Nebraska at Omaha.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

1 Akwesasne, Kahnawà:ke, and "Little Caughnawaga" 12

2 The Emergence of a Leader 40

3 Better Red Than Dead 75

4 I'm Not Your Indian Anymore 117

5 Alcatraz Is Not an Island, It's an Idea 166

6 You Are on Indian Land 201

7 Freedom 231

Conclusion 265

Notes 271

Bibliography 351

Index 371

Editorial Reviews

10/08/2018
Blansett, a historian whose heritage includes multiple Indian nations, retraces the steps of the 1960s–1970s Red Power movement—which sought increased native control over internal affairs, the return of native land, and justice for the cultural and economic damage done by U.S. and Canadian government policies—through this well-researched biography of Mohawk ironworker and nontraditional college student Richard Oakes. Born in New York, Oakes advocated for Indian studies programs and helped create Indians of All Tribes, an intertribal organization that participated in a 19-month occupation of the abandoned prison island of Alcatraz beginning in 1969. The occupiers, seeking not only to bring attention to native grievances but to establish a cultural center, held powwows, ran a school, and staffed a medical clinic. Photographs document Oakes’s personal life and activist work, demonstrating his positive influence on other protests until his murder by a white man at age 30. Blansett clearly admires Oakes’s activism, but that doesn’t preclude a frank discussion of Oakes’s legal troubles as a teenager—which resulted in his work as a community organizer for the San Francisco police—and his abandonment of his first wife and son. This scholarly yet reader-friendly text will enlighten readers about an often-overlooked part of a continuing civil rights struggle. (Sept.)

Publishers Weekly

Blansett’s meticulous research pays due respect to Oakes’ massive contribution to the Red Power movement but avoids the hubris of hagiography by understanding Oakes as a flawed individual who could be polarizing and difficult . . . Blansett’s balanced writing combines with copious photos and maps that bring the story to life.”—Dina Gilio-Whitaker, Los Angeles Times

“A Journey to Freedom will engage readers in Native communities and in college and university classrooms, and casual readers will also find themselves avidly turning the page to see what comes next.”—Laurie Arnold, The Sixties

"A Journey to Freedom is the nonfiction complement to Tommy Orange’s best-selling novel There There (2018) . . . an exemplary work that recovers an important period in modern California history and casts it in a new, richer light.”—Randall A. Lake, California History

“This thorough and balanced account places [Richard Oakes’] life within the broader framework of Indian affairs stretching from WW I through the termination and relocation policies of the 1950s. Likewise, the book corrects many long-held misunderstandings about the birth of the Red Power movement and its sometimes adversarial participants. “—Choice

“This scholarly yet reader-friendly text will enlighten readers about an often-overlooked part of a continuing civil rights struggle.”—Publishers Weekly

"Published on the eve of the fiftieth anniversary of the 1969 takeover of Alcatraz Island, this text is as timely as it is necessary . . . Blansett creates a masterful biography of one of the most important figures of the Red Power movement."—Paul McKenzie Jones, Western Historical Quarterly, Summer 2000

"A Journey to Freedom makes for an engaging read that can appeal to a broad audience . . . This study thus solidly roots [Richard] Oakes in a history of American Indian activism in the modern period . . . which includes contributing to the development of Native American Studies programs, shifting the course of American Indian activism, and influencing federal policy reforms toward self-determination . . . Oakes became a spokesperson, leader, and symbol for Red Power . . . "—Nicholas G. Rosenthal, Reviews in American History, March 2020
 

“. . . a powerful contribution to our understanding of Native American sovereignty, community, human rights, and identity . . . This book should be required reading for all students of recent Native American history as well as for those seeking to understand the similarities and differences between the social justice movements of the mid-twentieth century and the centuries-long quest for self-determination and human rights of Native Americans.”—Sarah Eppler Janda, American Historical Review

“Writing from the heart, Kent Blansett demonstrates the sui generis leadership of Richard Oakes in the big picture of Native nationalism that rocked federal-Indian relations and captured public attention in the quest for sovereignty.”—Donald L. Fixico, author of Call for Change:  The Medicine Way of American Indian History, Ethos, and Reality

"In this exhaustively researched and brilliant work, Kent Blansett centers the story on Mohawk leader Richard Oakes. A Journey to Freedom is a powerfully told and richly documented biography of one of Indian Country’s most important leaders and contributes to our understanding of the Red Power Movement, the occupation of Alcatraz Island, Native American activism in the twentieth century, and the urban Indian experience."—Amy Lonetree, author of Decolonizing Museums: Representing Native America in National and Tribal Museums

"Kent Blansett’s deeply researched and well-told biography reveals the centrality of tribal nationalism in Intertribal organizing. Richard Oakes’s story frames a major rethinking of the entire history of the Red Power movement. Not to be missed!"—Philip J. Deloria, author of Playing Indian

From the Publisher

09/01/2018
Most books about the Red Power movement, including Clyde H. Bellecourt and Jon Lurie's The Thunder Before the Storm, focus on the influence of organizations such as the American Indian Movement (AIM) and/or National Congress of American Indians in envisioning and creating the pan-Indian movement. Blansett (history, Native American studies, Univ. of Nebraska at Omaha) challenges that narrative in this biography of Richard Oakes (1942–72), a Akwesasne Mohawk whose activism and leadership was pivotal at the occupation of Alcatraz in 1969. Oakes's role diminished as other agendas emerged, leading to his abandonment of the protest. Further demonstrations followed, but Oakes was unable to regain his former standing. According to Blansett, Oakes saw pan-Indianism as a vehicle to address issues that were pertinent to individual Native nations, putting him at odds with the goals of AIM and its allies. After Oakes's assassination in 1972, his former allies realized his import and utilized his martyrdom to help launch the Trail of Broken Treaties March on Washington, DC. VERDICT Highly recommended for those interested in American Indian studies or civil rights. This work should be read alongside Paul Chaat Smith and Robert Allen Warrior's Like a Hurricane.—John R. Burch, Univ. of Tennessee at Martin

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